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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Distribution and activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in the central vagal nuclei (Nucl. dorsalis and Nucl. ambiguus) in male intact rats and in rats with experimental alloxan diabetes were investigated. In alloxan-diabetic rats there was noted an increase of the number of cells with a high AChE activity in the Nucl. dorsalis by 6%. These data suggest the participation of the vagal dorsal nucleus in the control of the endocrine function of the pancreas.
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PMID:[Sensitivity of the central nuclei of the vagus to insulin deficiency in rats (histoenzymologic study)]. 33 76

Twenty days after the onset of alloxan-induced diabetes, a villous hyperplasia has developed in the intestines of rats having free access to food. The transformation is characterised by a considerable increase in the area of the villous surface, caused by an enhanced mitotic activity in the crypts. The absorption of glucose or methionine by jejunal loops, whether expressed in terms of serosal area or villous area, is unchanged at this stage. On the other hand, the specific activity of certain disaccharidases and dipeptidases in crude mucosal homogenates is greater in diabetic animals, but quantitative histochemistry revealed no changes in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase and non-specific esterase in the individual enterocytes. Thus the biochemical changes may simply reflect the hyperplasia of the mucosa. The blood sugar level does not appear to be directly responsible for the mucosal transformation; however, the positive correlation between the daily food intake and the villus height suggests a role of hyperphagia and consequent increased luminal nutrition in the development of the hyperplasia.
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PMID:Structural and functional studies on the transformation of the intestinal mucosa in rats with experimental diabetes. 88 18

We measured the cholinesterase activity in morning urines from 63 insulin-dependent diabetics and 27 controls. The total esterase (TotE) activity (Ellman's method) has been divided into aliesterase (AliE), pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase by means of two inhibitors, eserine and quinidine. Diabetics were divided in 2 groups according to the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol, < 2 in group 1, > 2 in group 2). The urinary cholinesterase behavior was correlated with that of a known tubular lysosomal hydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Compared to normals, in addition to a significant increase in urinary NAG in diabetes (in group 2 more than in group 1), TotE and AliE were also significantly raised (+36% and 109% of the controls, in group 1 as much as in group 2).
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PMID:Urinary cholinesterase activity is increased in insulin-dependent diabetics: further evidence of diabetic tubular dysfunction. 130 57

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a well characterized pH regulatory enzyme in most of the tissues in the body. Changes in activities of CA have been associated with altered metabolism, especially in diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are common in hypertension. To investigate the possible role of CA, we measured the CA activity spectrophotometrically using p-nitrophenyl acetate as a substrate and acetazolamide, the specific inhibitor, in erythrocytes from normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects. Further, to evaluate the insulin action on CA, we used two different hemolysates; (i) insulin applied into hemolysate and (ii) hemolysate from insulin treated erythrocytes in vitro before the determination of CA activity. Two different levels of CA activities were obtained in these patients. CA activities were much lower (mean +/- SD, 0.88 +/- 0.19 U/min/mL) and higher (mean +/- SD, 1.77 +/- 0.23 U/min/mL) in patients than the normotensive controls (mean +/- 1 SD, 1.41 +/- 0.1 U/min/mL). These differences in both the groups were statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Similarly, total esterase activities in patients were (1.41 +/- 0.27 U/min/mL) that was 30% less in low activity group and (2.47 +/- 0.25 U/min/mL) that was 22% more in higher activity group in comparison with those from normotensives (2.02 +/- 0.17 U/min/mL). The relative percent of CA activities of insulin treated erythrocytes from normotensives and hypertensives were 11% and 18% higher than without insulin (p less than 0.05). No difference was observed when insulin was applied in the hemolysate. We conclude that essential hypertensive patients are associated with altered CA activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in carbonic anhydrase may be the initial step of altered metabolism in hypertension. 190 43

In the animal experiment the sensitivity to acetylcholine was shown to increase in alloxan-induced hypoinsulinemia. The blockade of M-cholinoreactive structure produced by administration of amizil caused a deterioration of the condition of the animals with alloxan-induced diabetes. The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine was accompanied by changes in the activity of acetylcholine esterase in the hypothalamus nuclei.
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PMID:[A pharmacological analysis of the cholinergic system in animals with alloxan diabetes]. 222 61

Cytochemical indices of leukocytes were determined in 16 patients with diabetes mellitus in the period of unbalancing and balancing. The following tests were made: content of glycogen and lipids, acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (AIP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nonspecific alpha-naphtol acetate esterase (NANAE) activity. In unbalanced diabetics an evident decrease in the activity of AP and MPO could be noted as well as a decrease of glycogen content and an increase of lipid content. An insignificant decrease could be observed in the activity of ALP and NANAE in granulocytes. A slight increase in the activity of NANAE in monocytes would be found. Balancing this disease induced the increase of all parameters in granulocytes except MPO activity. It is interesting to note that balancing diabetes mellitus deepened the observed changes in the decrease or increase of tested parameters. The presented findings clearly indicate the role of metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus on the activity of some neutrophilic enzymes and the glycogen and the content of lipids in neutrophils.
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PMID:Cytochemical indices of leukocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus. 258 66

Cytochemical studies have been performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 68 diabetic subjects, with various conditions of metabolic control, and 15 newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 20 patients of the 1 group had diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic patients periodic acid Schiff positivity, acid phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activities of lymphocytes are fairly impaired, particularly in insulin-dependent diabetes. Concerning the alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase activity, the percentage of positive cells with coarse granules is significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) in diabetic patients as compared to controls, without difference related to age and sex. These abnormalities are more evident in patients with poor glyco-metabolic control. In patients with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes we have found a further decrease in alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase activity, and an increase in acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activities. Cyto-enzymatic activities are not significantly different in subjects with diabetic retinopathy. The results of peripheral lymphocyte enzymatic activities in diabetics could be related to a depression of the cell-mediated immunity and could enhance the infections risk of these patients. Furthermore our data show an altered immunological balance in subjects with newly diagnosed type I diabetes.
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PMID:Cytochemistry of circulating lymphocytes in diabetes mellitus with and without retinopathy and in newly diagnosed type I (insulin dependent) diabetes. 310 78

This study examined whether non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects have an increased prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetic (n = 206) and normal (n = 418) subjects were identified from a defined geographic area in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. Presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was determined by testing the subjects' urine with a reagent-strip test for nitrite and leukocyte esterase (Chemstrip LN). The ability of the Chemstrip LN to detect bacteriuria was evaluated by comparing its results with those from urine culture on a subsample of subjects. There were 7 control and 12 diabetic subjects with bacteriuria as measured by the Chemstrip LN. The prevalence of urinary tract colonization among diabetic compared with control subjects was increased 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval 1.4-8.6). Adjustment for confounding by age, sex, ethnicity, and county of residence resulted in an adjusted prevalence ratio of 4.4 (95% confidence interval 1.1-17.4). Among diabetic subjects, prevalence of bacteriuria increased with longer disease duration but was not affected by measures of glucose control. We conclude that NIDDM increases the prevalence of bacterial colonization of the urine and, therefore, probably also increases the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infection.
Diabetes Care 1988 Oct
PMID:Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in subjects with NIDDM in San Luis Valley of Colorado. 322 41

To determine if thymic macrophages have insulin receptors, alternate sections of rat thymus were stained with FITC-insulin and examined for nonspecific esterase (ANAE) activity. Cells showing a diffuse ANAE staining pattern also bound FITC-insulin. These cells were concentrated in the cortico-medullary border and increased in number following administration of cortisol. Thymic macrophages may be insulin-dependent and therefore could be malfunctional in diabetes.
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PMID:The binding of FITC-insulin to ANAE-positive cells in rat thymus. 328 Mar 36

A tissue kallikrein was purified from rat skeletal muscle. Characterization of the enzyme showed that it has alpha-N-tosyl-L-arginine methylesterase activity and releases kinin from purified bovine low-Mr kininogen substrate. The pH optimum (9.0) of its esterase activity and the profile of inhibition by serine-proteinase inhibitors are identical with those of purified RUK (rat urinary kallikrein). Skeletal-muscle kallikrein also behaved identically with urinary kallikrein in a radioimmunoassay using a polyclonal anti-RUK antiserum. On Western-blot analysis, rat muscle kallikrein was recognized by affinity-purified monoclonal anti-kallikrein antibody at a position similar to that of RUK (Mr 38,000). Immunoreactive-kallikrein levels were measured in skeletal muscles which have different fibre types. The soleus, a slow-contracting muscle with high mitochondrial oxidative-enzyme activity, had higher kallikrein content than did the extensor digitorum longus or gastrocnemius, both fast-contracting muscles with low oxidative-enzyme activity. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced muscle weights, but did not alter the level of kallikrein (pg/mg of protein) in skeletal muscle, suggesting that insulin is not a regulator of kallikrein in this tissue. Although the role of kallikrein in skeletal muscle is unknown, its localization and activity in relation to muscle functions and disease can now be studied.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of a tissue kallikrein in rat skeletal muscles. 331 Oct 22


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