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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The susceptibility of rats to alloxan undergoes a circadin rhythm. The toxicity rhythm, presumably involving injury to liver, kidney and other sites, pancreatic beta-cells in particular, is demonstrated in pooled data from 370 mature inbred Fischer or Minnesota Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes kept in light from 06(00) to 18(00) alternating with darkness, some with free access to Purina laboratory chow with tap water at all times and some other rats subjected to one of three starvation schedules: 1) a 28-h fast before an intravenous alloxan injection; 2) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h ad libitum feeding before injection; 3) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h pre-injection tube-feeding of Nutrament (Mead and Johnson, Evansville, Indiana), 1.5 ml/100 g body weight. Survival time data on an additional 200 inbred Fischer rats reveal, next, that susceptibility to alloxan increases as the starvation span is lengthened from 24 to 84 h. The shortening in survival time indicative of this susceptibility increase is nonlinear; a circadian rhythmic change in susceptibility to alloxan is seen as a statistically significant wave-form indicative of the basic (persisting) rhythm, of applied interest as well to students of experimental diabetes.
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PMID:Circadian susceptibility rhythm of the rat to alloxan. 74 84

We studied the effects of salt loading on glucose tolerance, blood pressure, and albuminuria in rats with mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Two-day-old male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with either 75.0 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle as control. Salt loading was performed as 1% NaCl of drinking solution from 4 weeks until 12 weeks of age (estimated sodium intake: control, 3.14 +/- 0.28 mEq/d in tap-water group, 11.9 +/- 0.95 mEq/d in salt-loaded group; NIDDM, 2.93 +/- 0.16 mEq/d in tap-water group, 12.0 +/- 2.59 mEq/d in salt-loaded group). Oral glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and pancreatic insulin content at 12 weeks did not differ between the salt-loaded group and tap-water group in both NIDDM and control rats. Urinary sodium excretion was increased in salt-loaded groups of control and NIDDM rats, but systolic blood pressure did not differ among the groups (control, 151 +/- 6 mm Hg in tap-water group, 150 +/- 3 mm Hg in salt-loaded group; NIDDM, 152 +/- 3 mm Hg in tap-water group, 157 +/- 2 mm Hg in salt-loaded group). Urinary albumin excretion was significantly increased in salt-loaded groups (1,790 +/- 272 micrograms/d in control, 1,617 +/- 174 micrograms/d in NIDDM rats) compared with tap-water groups (691 +/- 75 micrograms/d in control, P less than .05; 616 +/- 69 micrograms/d in NIDDM rats, P less than .001), irrespective of STZ injection, but endogenous creatinine clearance was not different among the groups. Furthermore, renal growth was more greatly increased in salt-loaded groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of salt loading on glucose tolerance, blood pressure, and albuminuria in rats with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 138 98

While knowledge of the biomedical factors in diabetes has grown in a steady and systematic fashion over the past 60 years, attempts to define, measure, and understand the relevant psychological constructs have only begun recently. In particular, there is need for psychometrically sound tests to tap these dimensions. This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the ATT39, a promising measure of psychological adjustment to diabetes. The results, based on three patient samples and using the FACTOREP factor-matching procedure, suggested that the ATT39 has a large single factor only. This new subscale appears clinically to measure the integration of diabetes and its treatment into the lifestyle and personality of a patient with diabetes.
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PMID:Styles of psychological adjustment in diabetes: a focus on key psychometric issues and the ATT39. 140 Nov 51

To investigate possible permanent consequences of an early postnatal overfeeding, the following experimental model was used: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups after birth: (1) Small litters with 3-4 newborns (overnutrition), (2) normal litters with 12 animals (normonutrition), and (3) large litters with 20-24 newborn rats (undernutrition). After weaning all animals had free access to tap water and standard pellet diet. The serum insulin level of animals from small litters on day 15 of life was highly significantly increased as compared to the other groups. These overfed hyperinsulinaemic rats showed a higher body weight gain during the suckling period trough juvenile life until adulthood, associated with enhanced mean food intake and resulting in an increased relative body weight (per body length) as a sign of obesity. The obesity was found to be correlated with basal hyperinsulinaemia and increased systolic blood pressure in the small-litter-adults. Moreover, the early postnatally overnourished animals developed an increased type I-like diabetes susceptibility to a "subdiabetogenic" dose of streptozotocin in adulthood. These results suggest once more that hyperinsulinism during brain differentiation, in the present experiment induced by early postnatal overnutrition, may represent a predisposing factor for the development of obesity, of increased diabetes susceptibility and also of increased cardiovascular risk in later life.
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PMID:Obesity and enhanced diabetes and cardiovascular risk in adult rats due to early postnatal overfeeding. 152 66

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, particularly enalapril and captopril, have been shown to decrease proteinuria in diabetic animals and human subjects. Since heparan sulfate proteoglycan confers a negative charge on the glomerular basement membrane, and either decreased synthesis or loss of this charge causes albuminuria in diabetic animals, we examined the possibility that enalapril prevents albuminuria through glomerular preservation of heparan sulfate in long-term diabetic rats. A total of 22 male Wistar rats were used in the study. Diabetes was induced in 15 rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The remaining 7 rats received buffer. One week following induction of diabetes, 8 diabetic rats were allowed to drink tap water containing enalapril at a concentration of 50 mg/liter; the remaining 7 diabetic and 7 nondiabetic rats were given only tap water. The drug treatment was continued for 20 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and 24-hr urinary excretion of albumin were measured at 2, 8, 16, and 20 weeks. At the end of 20 weeks, all rats were killed, kidneys were removed, and glomeruli were isolated by differential sieving technique. Total glycosaminoglycan and heparan sulfate synthesis was determined by incubating glomeruli in the presence of [35S]sulfate. Characterization of heparan sulfate was performed by ion-exchange chromatography. Systolic blood pressures were significantly lower in enalapril-treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Diabetic glomeruli synthesized less heparan sulfate than glomeruli from nondiabetic rats. Also, glomerular heparan sulfate content of diabetics was significantly lower than that of nondiabetics. Further characterization of heparan sulfate showed that the fraction eluted with 1 M NaCl was significantly lower and the fraction eluted with 1.25 M NaCl significantly higher in diabetic than in normal rats. Enalapril treatment normalized not only glomerular synthesis and content but also various fractions of heparan sulfate in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats excreted increased quantities of heparan sulfate and albumin than nondiabetic rats. Enalapril therapy prevented both these increases in diabetic rats. These data suggest that enalapril treatment improves albuminuria through preservation of glomerular heparan sulfate and prevention of its urinary loss in diabetic rats.
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PMID:Enalapril improves albuminuria by preventing glomerular loss of heparan sulfate in diabetic rats. 201 5

A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA [Dialbumin]) for rapid office measurement of microalbuminuria was evaluated and its performance compared with that of a commercially available radioimmunoassay (double-antibody albumin). Urine samples containing between 0.75 and 1800 micrograms/ml of albumin were obtained from 31 diabetic patients and assayed by both methods. A comparison of the paired values obtained from the two methods gave a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.99. The Dialbumin assay, which used detachable eight-well strips (1 strip/sample), 10-min incubation, tap water wash, and a 2-min color development step, was read on both an ELISA reader and a hand-held analytical device (Acc-U-Dial) designed specifically for this test. The findings of this study indicate that the Dialbumin assay, used in conjunction with the Acc-U-Dial device, affords a rapid, convenient, and sensitive method for quantitative determination of a broad range (0.3-1280 micrograms/ml) of urinary albumin levels in the office setting.
Diabetes Care 1990 Oct
PMID:Evaluation of new rapid office test for microalbuminuria and its comparison to fully quantitative radioimmunoassay. 220 4

We hypothesized that the forcible introduction of water containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the ear canal of a susceptible host (an elderly diabetic with cutaneous hypoperfusion secondary to microangiopathy) was the inciting factor in the development of malignant external otitis. Tap water irrigation of the ears by a physician preceded the onset of symptoms in 61.5% (8/13) of cases of malignant external otitis. Two control subjects with known diabetes mellitus were matched for each patient by sex and age. Both groups were questioned on the nature and degree of aural water exposure, as well as history of ear disease. There were no significant differences between 13 patients and 26 control subjects for presence of ear disease (hearing loss, chronic infection, prior operations), swimming, showering, bathing, frequency of ear cleaning, or method of ear cleaning (washcloth, cotton applicator). Patients with malignant external otitis had a statistically significant higher incidence of aural irrigation with tap water when compared with control subjects. We suggest that a substantial number of cases of malignant external otitis may be iatrogenic.
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PMID:Aural irrigation with water: a potential pathogenic mechanism for inducing malignant external otitis? 230 65

We studied the effect of hyperosmolality on the tap-induced blink reflex (TBR) in patients with diabetes. The TBR, consisting of R1 and R2 components, was either absent or delayed in patients compared to controls. The abnormalities correlated better with the degree of hyperosmolality than with the level of blood glucose. TBR was usually absent in unconscious patients with greatly elevated serum osmolality. In some patients with similar elevations in serum osmolality the R2' component was absent at a time when consciousness was preserved. Hence, TBR may be useful in monitoring CNS dysfunction in diabetics with hyperosmolality.
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PMID:Tap-induced blink reflex and central nervous system dysfunction in diabetics with hyperosmolality. 235 8

Urinary amylase activity (UAA) is used for diagnosis of rejection in bladder-drained pancreas grafts. Unfortunately, most rejection episodes occur after the patient has been discharged. In those cases, an early diagnosis is often difficult, and a method for home UAA monitoring is needed. We have developed a method that can be used for this purpose. The method, based on Kodak dry-film technology, is shown to have good response to the wide range of UAA seen in these patients compared with responses to standard laboratory kinetic methods. The analysis (performed by the patient) involves 1) collecting urine for 24 h in a 4-L container, 2) diluting the urine with tap water to a total urine of 4 L, and 3) placing a drop of this dilution onto a slide. The slide is read by a handheld spectrophotometer that displays the UAA in secreted units per hour. The reliability of this system has been tested for wide changes of urine pH, volume of the drop applied to the slide, and tap water from different sources. Temperature coefficients have been determined to correct changes in ambient temperatures. The final handheld prototype is being developed based on these preliminary studies. This device could be of benefit for the early diagnosis of rejection episodes in recipients of bladder-drained pancreas grafts after hospital discharge.
Diabetes 1989 Jan
PMID:Method for home monitoring of urinary amylase after pancreas transplantation. 246 99

It has been suggested that the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is increased in the presence of high iodide intake. The diabetes-prone BB/W rat develops spontaneous histological autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) without functional hypothyroidism between 60 and 120 days of age. Studies were carried out to determine whether iodine administration to BB/W rats would affect the incidence and severity of LT and induce hypothyroidism. Iodide (0.05% in water) or tap water (C) was administered ad libitum to 42 10-month-old BB/W rats and 71 30-day-old BB/W rats for 8 weeks. For control purposes, 0.05% iodide or tap water (C) was also administered ad libitum to 42 30-day-old nondiabetic and non-LT-prone BB/W genetically equivalent rats (W-line) for 12 weeks and 41 21-day-old Wistar rats for 7 weeks. In a separate experiment, weanling BB/W rats were fed a low iodine diet, a control iodine-sufficient (C) diet, or Purina chow (P) and tap water ad libitum for 8 weeks. In each experiment, blood was obtained at the time of death for the measurement of serum T4, T3, TSH, and antithyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg Ab), and the thyroids were removed for histological evaluation (0 = no LT; 1-4 = LT). Iodide administration (0.05%) induced a significant increase in the incidence of LT in 30-day-old BB/W rats (I, 77%; C, 30%, P less than .001). Thyroid weight and serum T4, T3, and anti-Tg Ab concentrations were not affected by iodide administration. However, the presence of LT was associated with a significant increase in thyroid weight and anti-Tg Ab concentrations. BB/W rats subjected to a low iodine diet exhibited a significantly decreased incidence of LT (low I, 8.6%; C, 47.3%; P less than 0.01), but no statistically significant difference in anti-Tg Ab levels. Increased iodide intake did not significantly affect the incidence of LT in adult BB/W rats and did not induce LT or affect thyroid function in W-line or Wistar rats. These data show that iodine intake significantly affects the incidence of spontaneous LT in young, genetically predisposed rats.
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PMID:The effect of iodide ingestion on the development of spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis in the diabetes-prone BB/W rat. 375 9


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