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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a group of 20 menopausal women 45-78 years old (mean age 62.4), with typical symptoms such as dryness of the vagina, urinary disturbances, "mental" symptoms, or vasomotor disturbances, treated with topical vaginal estrogen cream, we examined the glucose tolerance, as expressed by Gycohemoglobin (HbA1c) and GTT. Estrogen, well absorbed by the vaginal epithelium gives rise to the HbA1c from a mean of 6.4% to 14.78% (P less than 0.0001). The GTT too shows a glucose intolerance, but never a frank diabetic picture. In four cases in which the cardinal symptoms were vasomotor disturbances (hot flushes, profuse sweating) the addition of oral clonidine hydrochlorate (Clonirit) to the vaginal estrogen cream, leads to the relief of symptoms. The Glycohemoglobin test is fast, inexpensive and easy to perform in every laboratory, giving the possibility of discovering an unknown or borderline diabetes.
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PMID:Increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in menopausal women treated with vaginal estrogen cream. 406 6

The effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv GGT) to see if the results in a "pseudopregnancy state" parallel those of actual pregnancy was evaluated. 65 women (41 nondiabetic; 24 diabetes suspects) took Enovid (5 mg norethynodrel with .075 mg mestranol) for 2-3 months. 12 women (7 nondiabetic; 5 diabetes suspects) took Ovulen (1 mg ethhynodiol diacetate and .1 mg mestranol) and 14 women (7 nondiabetic; 7 diabetes) with intrauterine devices (IUD) served as controls. All subjects had the iv GTT before and after treatment. The GTT was expressed as K, the % fall/min of the blood glucose level from 10-60 min after injection of 25 gm glucose. Enovid caused a significant k decline (p .005) but no change in fasting blood sugar levels. No women in the Ovulen or IUD group had abnormal k values. 6 women with previosly normal k values developed abnormally low values while taking Enovid. 2 of these were in the diabetes suspect group. Diabetes suspects using OCs appeared to show a greater loss in GT than nondiabetic subjects. No correlation was found between carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy and that of the "pseudopregnancy state" of progestin-estrogen administration. The possible mechanisms responsible for these changes, in particular the role of estrogen, were discussed.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and intravenous glucose tolerance. I. Data noted early in treatment. 601 49

Results from studies with M. nigra allow some conclusions and predictions about the etiology and development of diabetes relative to the islet lesion in monkeys and human beings. Some factor or factors must initiate the lesion; whether this is genetic, environmental, or a combination of both is not known. Amyloid is not the initiating factor to the islet lesion, but appears later as there is deterioration of cells. Sufficient evidence does not yet exist to choose from among the alternatives regarding the source of amyloid. With gradual deterioration of cells and replacement by amyloid, secretion of insulin is impaired and concentrations of glucagon increase. Sufficient circulating insulin is probably chronically available to the cells in this moderately impaired state, so that an acute decrease in delta IRI in response to glucose in an iv-administered GTT does not cause significant impairment in glucose clearance. The increase in circulating glucagon is probably due to a loss of controls on alpha-cell secretion or synthesis of glucagon. Fasting glucose levels increase but remain within the nondiabetic range. Eventually there is sufficient accretion of amyloid, usually greater than 50%, so that substantial beta-cell loss occurs and the monkey can no longer maintain fasting normoglycemia. The monkey then is hyperglycemic and hypoinsulinemic. Only at this time are the impairments detectable by the usual diagnostic clinical criterion of hyperglycemia. The ICAs arise in response to secretory cell deterioration and are present until there no longer are sufficient cells to elicit an immune response. Results from M. nigra can give insight into a similar condition that probably exists in a subpopulation of older diabetic humans. Humans probably pass through stages similar to those discerned in monkeys. Nondiabetic humans with sufficient beta cells to sustain adequate secretion of insulin, but with moderate amyloid infiltration, probably would be in a category equivalent to BD monkeys; since these people are not overtly hyperglycemic, they are not clinically recognizable as diabetic and would be classified retrospectively as nondiabetic. Continued loss of cells with concomitant amyloid deposition would eventually lead to hyperglycemia; if examined at autopsy, these people would have visible islet amyloid as well as a retrospective diagnosis of diabetes. Older type II diabetic humans with ICA usually proceed to insulin therapy more rapidly than do those who are ICA negative (Irvine et al., 1977; Del Prete et al., 1977; Gray et al., 1980).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus: relationships of nonhuman primates and other animal models to human forms of diabetes. 639 71

A total of 116 adult male and female rats of own inbred F3 up to 8th generation weighing 180-350 g was rendered diabetic by a single i. v. injection of either alloxan (40-50 mg kg-1) or streptozotocin (50-60 mg kg-1) and 1--2 weeks later subjected to the intrafamiliar homo(allo)transplantation of 2--5 minced, collagenase non digested pancreases either from own newborns or from newborns of sisters and brothers of the same family under the renal capsule. Out of the total, 24 animals (20.68%) were successfully cured. The cured rats examined with the aid of intravenous glucose tolerance test (IV) GTT monthly for one year showed fasting normonoglycemia with increased postglucose values and decreased KG being in the range of latent, borderline diabetes. In male rats IV GTT deteriorated in nine months without any transition into manifest diabetes or loss of body weight. Some animals cured by transplantation reached a normal survival time and were able to bring forth litters and suckle their newborns. In the rats with complete reversal of diabetes the transplants with well developed, vascularized islets, consisting predominantly of B-cells were found.
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PMID:Treatment of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetes in rats by intrafamiliar homo (allo) transplantation of neonatal pancreases. 644 61

12 patients (9 male, 3 female) with the Prader-Labhart-Willi-Syndrome (PLWS) were examined, and had medical treatment. Small stature varied in degree; body-height was found below the 25th percentile of normal height in 9 of the patients, 6 of them ranged along or below the 3rd percentile. Growth-hormone (GH) was measured after i.v.-Arginine-provocationtest; in 7 cases GH-peaks did not rise over 10 ng/ml, 4 of the children showed GH-peaks of less than 4 ng/ml. One of the boys was treated with GH for 5 years with good results, no secondary effect on carbohydrate metabolism was observed. In one girl we started with GH-therapy only recently. In 7 of 9 children at the age of puberty we found hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. In 10 patients, who underwent i.v. GTT, 4 showed a prediabetic metabolic state with elevated plasma insulin levels, a fifth boy suffered from diabetes. The development of type-2-diabetes is caused by abnormal insulin-resistance, which is connected with overfeeding and obesity. Treatment of obesity is the most important problem in the PLWS. Regular hypocaloric food is not accepted by most of the children. Therefore, in cases of ineffective dietetic treatment, we recommend gastric partitioning with proximal gastro-jejunostomy, as we performed in two of our patients with good results regarding weight-loss. In two of six children examined, we found chromosomal abnormalities.
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PMID:[Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome]. 666 56

Tests for diabetes mellitus have been performed annually since 1963 on about 100,000 A-bomb survivors living in Hiroshima. We report here on the trends over the 19 years leading up to 1981 for the glycosuria positive rate, the 75 g GTT results of positive cases and the findings of the 5-19 year follow-up. The glycosuria positive rate was 3-4 times higher in males. During the period of 1963-1979, the positive rate increased annually in both sexes, reaching 2.6 and 3.0 times the male-female values for 1963, but subsequently levelling off. When Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 25, 24.9% of the sample was diabetic (including those under treatment), 26.0% had Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and 49.1% were normal, whereas when BMI greater than or equal to 25, the rates were significantly higher being 45.0%, 27.4% and 27.6% respectively (p less than 0.001). Frequency increased with BMI, reaching 75.0% at BMI 33.3). Results of the 5-19 year follow-up showed the annual diabetes onset rate by the person year method in those with BMI less than 25 at initial GTT to be 1.72% among 848 normals, while it was a significantly higher 4.82% in those suffering from IGT. For those with BMI greater than or equal to 25, the rates were 3.77% among 161 normals and 7.93% among 132 IGT cases.
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PMID:Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in the Hiroshima area-prevalence of diabetes mellitus and follow-up studies using the glucose tolerance test 5-19 years after initial testing. 668 Apr 79

Oral glucose tolerance test (75 g GTT) was performed on 5,172 subjects who received physical checkups at Daiichi Survey Center from April 1981 to March 1982 and the Prevalence of diabetes in Tokyo was studied using the new diagnostic criteria of WHO (1980). The diabetic test was obtained in 3.6% of the subjects over 30 years old. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 4.3% of the diabetic cases. The prevalence of diabetes increased with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and it was considered to be adequate to set the screening point for diabetes mellitus by FBG at 100 mg/dl. 50 g GTT and 75 g were performed in 10,456 cases and 11,925 cases, respectively, and mean 1-hour and 2-hour values were compared by FBG levels. The results show that 2-hour values in 50 g GTT which correspond those of 120 mg/dl and 180 mg/dl in 75 g GTT may be 105 mg/dl and 150 mg/dl, respectively. However it is not reasonable to make the conversion by adding a certain value, because the differences varies markedly with each case.
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PMID:Prevalence of diabetes mellitus detected by 75 g GTT in Tokyo. 668 Apr 91

One hundred and fifty-five acromegalics, 76 males (mean age 44 +/- 1.3 years) and 79 females (45 +/- 1.4 years) were studied. The frequency of clinical features were: acral enlargement 100 per cent, hyperhidrosis 65 per cent, headache 55 per cent, paraesthesiae 49 per cent, cardiac problems 34 per cent, hypertension 32 per cent, diabetes mellitus (clinical and chemical) 27 per cent, and visual field defects 6 per cent. Signs and symptoms, and particularly headache, did not show any relation with the size or shape of pituitary tumours, nor with growth hormone (GH) values, age, sex or weight. Mean of GH values at 60, 90 and 120 minutes during a GTT averaged 135 mIU/l, range 8-1833. Diabetes mellitus was more frequent and severe in patients with higher GH values, occurring in 32 per cent of patients with mean GH values greater than or equal to 50 mIU/l and only in 16 per cent of the rest (p less than 0.05). GH values correlated positively with size of tumours. Forty-nine per cent of patients presented with entirely intrasellar tumours, 27 per cent with suprasellar extensions and 23 per cent with partially empty sellae. The mean GH (238 mIU/l) of patients with suprasellar extensions was significantly higher (p less than 0.004) than those of the others. Younger acromegalics showed a tendency to larger tumours. Early treatment of acromegaly, particularly in young patients and those presenting with high GH values, is recommended.
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PMID:The acromegaly syndrome. Relation between clinical features, growth hormone values and radiological characteristics of the pituitary tumours. 711 79

Twenty-one Thai patients with beta-thalassemia/haemoglobin E and haemoglobin H diseases, 8-20-years-old, were studied. These patients had receive none or minimal blood transfusion. The important clinical endocrine abnormalities were growth retardation and sexual immaturity. GH secretion was found to be impaired in the majority of patients. Oral GTT showed chemical diabetes in one out of sixteen tests, a much lower incidence than in thalassaemic patients treated by hypertransfusion in the West. The mean insulin levels basally and after glucose loading were lower than those of the normal controls. Thyroid function was normal in all of the patients. Serum cortisol and 24-h urinary oxogenic steroids 917 OGS) levels were normal, as was adrenal cortical reserve in all the patients. The literature on endocrine function in in thalassaemia is reviewed.
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PMID:Endocrine function in thalassaemia. 726 14

This is an excerpt from the report (1992) of the Epidemiology Data Committee of the Japan Diabetes Society. Portions regarding the community-based prevalence data on adult diabetes and the data of official sources are shown. Data on the prevalence and incidence of diabetes were collected from Japanese medical literature from 1959-1991 by various means. In early studies, people were first screened by urine glucose test, and subjects positive for glucosuria were further evaluated by blood glucose test. Recent studies mostly used 75 g GTT without prior urine screening. Before 1984, the criteria of the JDS (1970) were chiefly used, while after 1985 the WHO criteria are used to define diabetes. Prevalence of diabetes in people older than 40 years was 1.3-4.7% in earlier studies, but it increased to 4-11% in recent studies despite the fact that the WHO criteria are more stringent in defining diabetes than the JDS criteria of 1970. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in men than in women in most reports. Some publications from the Ministry of Health and Welfare included the data on diabetes. They were based on the information of known diabetic patients seen by doctors, and gave much lower estimates of prevalence than community-based survey. The estimated prevalence of diabetes was 1.7% from the 1987 Patient Survey and 1.1% by the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions. There was a sharp 30-fold increase during these 30 years. Efforts are now being made to collect more accurate data on the prevalence of diabetes in Japan by the Epidemiology Study Group sponsored by the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994 Oct
PMID:Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Japan compiled from literature. 785 98


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