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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments on mice and rats with alloxan diabetes were conducted for comparative assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic use of adaptogenic plant pharmaceuticals as well as some other commonly used plant drugs. Of marked antidiabetic properties were root and leaf ginseng tincture (LGT), Echinopanax tincture, extracts of Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola (ER) and Leuzia which decreased the blood level of glucose in a CTT (5 g h of glucose per I kg of the animal body mass) from 17.15 to 11.19, 11.50, 12.72, 11.69, 13.47 mmol/l and increased the alloxan-reduced level of liver glycogen by 50-80% (P less than 0.05). Aralia and Schizandra tinctures for this diabetic model were ineffective. Yarrow, everlastings and birch leaf tea also possessed marked hypoglycemic and glycogen sparing properties. The most effective experimentally plant adaptogens LGT and ER increased the blood level of insulin in alloxan diabetic rats in a GTT from 16.75 up to 44.42, 35.31 microU/ml and decreased the level of glucagon from 495 to 195 and 138 pg/ml, respectively. The authors discussed mechanisms of antidiabetic, insulinotropic and hypoglucagonemic action of the effective plant pharmaceuticals and the prospects of their use in multimodality therapy of diabetes mellitus of type I.
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PMID:[The action of adaptogenic plant preparations in experimental alloxan diabetes]. 262 92

Hyperglycemia and other metabolic derangements resulting from absolute or functional deficiency of insulin are accompanied by typical signs and symptoms of diabetes. The clinical signs and the findings of hyperglycemia over 200 mg/dl should establish a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. An oral glucose tolerance test (O-GTT) is rarely necessary for diagnosis of diabetes in a child. A small proportion of children, however, present less severe symptoms, and may require an O-GTT. Approximately 14% of IDDM children were in coma at diagnosis in Tokyo, and 11 onset deaths (0.94%) were observed among the 1172 newly diagnosed IDDM cases in Japan. A significant decline in the onset mortality, however, has been observed in the past 20 years in Japan in association with the improvement of early management of childhood diabetes. The clinical distinction of IDDM from NIDDM is often difficult in diabetic children of Oriental origin without obesity. Japanese IDDM can be divided into two forms, abrupt and slow onset forms, but they may be essentially the same disease. There was no difference in the frequency of being tested positive for circulating ICA between the two groups of the patients. But a difference in the frequency of HLA DR4 and DRW9 was noticed between the two groups. Clinical features of 107 children with NIDDM were studied and about 75% of these cases were obese. All of them can be detected by routine urinalysis for glucose. Diet and exercise therapy in most of the newly diagnosed patients resulted in remission but some of them may require insulin or an oral hypoglycemic agent to get better glycemic control.
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PMID:Initial signs and diagnosis of diabetes--special considerations of Oriental patients. 263 91

In 115 normal children (3 to 14 years old) and 143 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (6 to 15 years old), the urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity) was measured for evaluation of the pancreatic B cell function. The urinary C-peptide excretions during O-GTT corresponded to the change of serum C-peptide levels in normal children (n = 27) and the mean value of the excretions in younger children was significantly low. Age did not significantly affect basal serum C-peptide levels (ng/ml) and urinary C-peptide excretions (micrograms/h) before O-GTT, but significant differences in serum sigma C-peptide (ng/ml) and urinary C-peptide (micrograms/3 h) during O-GTT were noted between the younger group and the older group (p less than 0.01). In 39 normal children on an inactive routine, mean values of the 24 h urinary C-peptide for children aged from 3 to 6, 7 to 10 and from 11 to 14 years old, were 28.2 +/- 12.6 micrograms/day, 32.3 +/- 8.4 micrograms/day and 37.6 +/- 10.6 micrograms/day (mean +/- SD) respectively with significant differences according to age (younger group vs older group, p less than 0.05). The effects of daily routine on 24 h urinary C-peptide were studied in normal children. In children on an active routine, the C-peptide excretion was significantly less than in the same individuals on an inactive routine (26.9 +/- 9.9 micrograms/day vs 34.3 +/- 14.5 micrograms/day, p less than 0.01). In children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion was studied to evaluate residual pancreatic B cell function. Urinary C-peptide was measurable in 47 of the 143 diabetic children, suggesting that most of the pancreatic B cells had deteriorated in the other 96 patients. In the 96 patients without B cell function, the averages of daily dose of insulin and 24 h-U.glucose/TAG ratio were significantly higher than those in the 47 patients who had pancreatic B cell function estimated by measuring urinary C-peptide (p less than 0.001). In additional studies on the 43 diabetic children with residual pancreatic B cell function, who had had the disease for five years or less, the 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion (micrograms/day) correlated weakly but significantly with the duration of the disease (r = -0.28, p less than 0.05). Patients who had had the disease longer and who were controlled with larger doses of insulin had less of the 24 h urinary C-peptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Studies on urinary C-peptide excretion in normal children and children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. 265 21

A population-based longitudinal study of abnormal glucose tolerance in the adult Maltese, carried out within the WHO-assisted National Diabetes Programme, has recently been completed. During the 6-year interval abnormal as compared to normal glucose tolerance was found to be related to a significantly higher mortality: the age-adjusted relative risks of death were 3.3 times in diabetic females and greater than 2 times in IGT and diabetic males. In the repeat epidemiological survey 1422 subjects (66.8% of the initial sample) were reinvestigated with the oral GTT being interpreted according to WHO's 1985 recommendations. The age-standardised prevalence rates, in the 35-69-year-old males and females, were respectively 12.89% and 13.24% for IGT and 9.07% and 10.77% for diabetes. These gradually increased after age 40, IGT peaking in the 60+ year groups and diabetes 10 years later. Heredity (especially diabetes in close relatives) seemed a major influence, whilst excess body weight appeared the more important associated environmental factor. The incidence levels (% per annum) of diabetes during the interval were 0.71 for normoglycaemics and 5.1 for IGTs; this seven times higher risk in the latter was slightly lower in females than males, but significantly higher in the less than 60-year-olds compared to older subjects. Of the initial IGTs 36% remained IGT and 33% reverted to normal glucose tolerance, whilst 11% of the initial normoglycaemics deteriorated to IGT. The determinants more strongly influencing worsening of glucose tolerance were age (greater than 50 years), baseline glycaemia (fasting greater than 5.5 mmol/l and a 2-h post-load glycaemia greater than 9.5 mmol/l) and initial body mass index (greater than 27 kg/m2). In conclusion the data permit a better insight into the natural history of, and risk factors for, disturbed glucose tolerance in this community.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1989 Jun 20
PMID:Abnormal glucose tolerance in the Maltese. A population-based longitudinal study of the natural history of NIDDM and IGT in Malta. 275 91

The paper is concerned with the results of investigation of 26 donors and 85 patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, with normal body mass and obesity during GTT and a test breakfast to reveal correlation of IRI and IRG levels with the level of gastrin. Comparative analysis of indices during OGTT and food intake has shown that an increase in the levels of gastrin in patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, does not correlate with body mass and the total level of insulin, but it may correlate with a metabolically active form of insulin. During food intake the levels of gastrin rise and do not change during GTT. A rise of the level of gastrin in patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, during a test breakfast is accompanied by change in the level of insulin, its peak being lower than that during GTT. Attention was focused on a group of patients with a history of obesity in whom by the time of investigation body mass returned to normal and the level of glucose was decreased. However, gastrin and insulin levels were still high, and metabolic regulation was disturbed. Therefore, body mass normalization did not eliminate causative and pathogenetic factors of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[The role of gastrin in regulating insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with diabetes mellitus]. 305 84

The paper is concerned with the investigation of problems of the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and simulation of this disease in animals in order to study its preclinical stages. Experiments were performed on adult male rats using i.v. GTT, a radioimmunoassay for determination of blood insulin, immunoenzymatic detection of autoantibodies to pancreatic islet cell surface, and determination of complement dependent cytotoxicity. Fractionated intraperitoneal administration of subdiabetic doses of streptozocin was shown to cause the destruction of the insular apparatus in rats with the involvement of the immune system. Five injections of B-cytotoxin (40 mg/kg) caused the development of manifest diabetes mellitus, two injections led to a decrease in function of the insular apparatus and the appearance of autoantibodies to the surface of islet cells with cytotoxic features. Problems of the pathogenetic role of factors of humoral immunity in the development of type I diabetes mellitus are under discussion.
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PMID:[Simulation of diabetes mellitus in rats: Latent and manifest forms]. 306 76

The level of pancreatic hormones was studied in 10 healthy persons and in 40 patients with diabetes mellitus detected for the first time by GTT, their body mass being normal. For assessment of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), the level of proinsulin and biological activity of serum insulin were determined, and these indices were compared with glucose and C-peptide levels. The examinees' inhomogeneity was shown; on the basis of the findings obtained 2 groups were identified. A decrease in the levels of IRI, C-peptide and biological activity of serum insulin in the 1st group indicated a possibility of type I diabetes mellitus in such patients. Hyperinsulinemia, not correlating with glucose and C-peptide, a high percentage of proinsulin and low biological activity of serum insulin were noted in the 2nd group. The study permitted a differentiated approach to assessment of patients and a choice of therapeutic tactics.
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PMID:[Pancreatic hormone secretion in patients with newly detected diabetes mellitus]. 307 May 38

Storage of pancreatic islets by cryopreservation would greatly facilitate a large scale program of clinical islet transplantation. We report success on long-term follow-up with autotransplantation of frozen/thawed canine pancreatic fragments. Total pancreatectomy and islet isolation by collagenase ductal perfusion and mechanical disruption preceded either acute autotransplantation or cryogenic preservation prior to autotransplantation. Cryopreservation was by dimethylsulfoxide equilibration, cooling at 0.25 degrees C/min to -75 degrees C, storage in liquid N2 and thawing at 3.5 degrees C/min. Four of five acutely autotransplanted dogs remained normoglycemic for 20 months, with three of four maintaining normal K values on intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and nondiabetic values on oral GTT. Four of four dogs transplanted with frozen/thawed islets remained normoglycemic for 15 months with three of four maintaining nondiabetic IV GTT K values and normal oral GTTs for 15 months. Both acutely transplanted and frozen/thawed islets are capable of maintaining long-term metabolic control. Cryopreservation preserved viability of sufficient canine pancreatic islets to reverse diabetes with autotransplantation. Function of the frozen-thawed islets showed minimal deterioration during a follow-up of 15 to 18 months.
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PMID:Long-term normoglycemia in pancreatectomized dogs transplanted with frozen/thawed pancreatic islets. 308 86

Aiming at highest possible reduction of causes of individual variability, at determination of diagnostic value of different intravenous and oral (intragastric, per sondam) glucose loads and at comparison of diagnostic value of ivGTT and oGTT after the same load, author first performed ivGTT with 1 g glucose per kg body mass and oGTT with 1, 2, 4 g/kg in normal (non anaesthesized) adult (F 6-7) inbred rats and mice and than repeated these tests with the same loads and the same rats and mice with different extent of B-Cell lesion after i.v. alloxan injection. Results show that for unmasking of latent ("chemical") diabetes a higher load (4 g/kg orally) was necessary, that the assimilation constant of ivGTT was diabetic earlier than the criteria of oGTT after equal oral load (1 g/kg) and that for the diagnosis of early stages of diabetes not only absolute values of GTT curves but also their form are important.
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PMID:[Diabetes diagnosis following intravenous and oral glucose load: animal experiment principles]. 317 85

The authors describe the results of i. v. GTT in 10 patients with diabetes mellitus before and after a course of hyperbaric oxygenation, in 5 of them the test was repeated. The results of the test were processed with the help of a new type of model of glucose kinetics based on the production of glucose by the liver and its elimination in the test. A new quantitative criterion (the so-called rho-criterion) of a degree of carbohydrate metabolic derangement was introduced for diabetic patients. Its calculation before and after a course of HBO permitted reliable quantitative assessment of the efficacy of sugar lowering therapy in such patients. The new method permitted the assessment of the production of glucose by the liver and the rate of its elimination in i.v. GTT. The mechanism of HBO-action was unraveled (the suppression of glucose production by the liver). Examples of 2 patients with type II diabetes mellitus have demonstrated the efficacy of the rho-criterion in the prediction of a sugar lowering effect of antidiabetic tablets in serious clinical situations.
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PMID:[Two-dimensional parameter of the kinetics of glucose (rho-criterion) in the assessment of the efficacy and prognosis of therapy of diabetes mellitus]. 321 73


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