Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the last decade the iodine supply in Germany has increased significantly, but there is still a high frequency of goitre. Therefore the question of iodine bioavailability has arisen. In a two-period study 12 women were given a mixed diet of ordinary foods with milk and milk products of different batches. None of the volunteers suffered from an iodine deficiency according to WHO-criteria. Each period ended with a 9-day balance-study protocol in which all foods were provided. Food and fluid intake were registered, and urine and faeces were quantitatively collected. The iodine content was determined by ICP-MS. The mean intake in the form of solid food amounted to 175 +/- 10 micrograms I/d and to 27 +/- 15 micrograms I/d in fluid form. Milk and dairy products represented the main source of iodine (37%). Iodine was predominantly excreted in the urine (89%, 171 +/- 45 micrograms I/d) and the faeces 11% (20 +/- 11 micrograms I/d). The resulting iodine balance was approximately . In one case an iodine-rich erythrosine preparation with a low iodine bioavailability was used. Between the two periods of consuming different batches of milk and milk products no differences were observed concerning the high bioavailability of iodine.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001
PMID:Bioavailability of iodine from normal diets rich in dairy products--results of balance studies in women. 1140 99

Chronic arsenic exposure increases risk for the development of diabetes, vascular disease, and cancers of the skin, lung, kidney, and bladder. This study investigates the effects of arsenite [As(III)] on human urothelial cells (UROtsa). As(III) toxicity was determined by exposing confluent UROtsa cells to As(III) (0.5-200 microM). Depleting cellular glutathione levels with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) potentiated the toxicity of As(III). Cell viability was assessed with the (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. UROtsa cell ability to biotransform As(III) was determined by dosing cells with environmentally relevant concentrations of As(III) followed by HPLC/ICP-MS analysis of cell media and lysate. Both pentavalent and trivalent monomethylated products were detected. Although cytotoxicity was observed at high doses of As(III) (approximately 100 microM) in UROtsa cells, perturbations of a variety of molecular processes occurred at much lower doses. Exposure to low-level As(III) (0.5-25 microM) causes an accumulation of ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugated proteins. This effect is enhanced when cellular glutathione levels have been reduced with BSO treatment. Because As(III) has many effects on UROtsa cells, a greater understanding of how As(III) is affecting cellular proteins in a target tissue will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of toxicity and pathogenesis for low-level As(III).
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PMID:Effects of arsenite on UROtsa cells: low-level arsenite causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins that is enhanced by reduction in cellular glutathione levels. 1527 21

The iodine supply in Germany has improved throughout the last decade, albeit with enormous differences between individuals and regions. In the Thuringian city of Jena, analyses of the iodine content of human milk have been undertaken regularly since 1982. Significantly increasing iodine concentrations in human and cow's milk have been found. Therefore, the current situation and the effectiveness of measures to prevent iodine deficiency demands re-evaluation. The iodine content of human milk from 32 lactating mothers was analysed on the 5th day (mean) postpartum and mothers' dietary iodine intake during the last two months of pregnancy was assessed by means of a food frequency questionnaire. To corroborate the assumption that the increasing iodine levels of cow's milk are one of the main reasons for the improved iodine supply, the iodine concentration of 34 cow's milk bulk-samples was also determined. Both human and cow's milk samples were analysed by the ICP-MS method. Twenty women took iodine supplements (mean daily intake = 175 microg). The average daily iodine intake of the 20 supplemented and 12 non-supplemented women was 258 microg and 116 microg, respectively. Daily iodine intake from food and beverages was significantly lower in supplemented women (83 microg/day). The average iodine content of human milk was 169 +/- 88 microg/l with a range of 33 - 348 microg/l. This content is two times higher than levels from 1994 in the same area. There was no difference in the human milk iodine content between mothers taking supplements and those who did not. Cow's milk samples showed a mean iodine concentration of 178 +/- 131 microg/l (range 48 - 661 microg/l).
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005 Jan
PMID:Pilot study: tendency of increasing iodine content in human milk and cow's milk. 1566 89

Oral administration of sodium tungstate is an effective treatment for type 1 and 2 diabetes in animal models; it does not incur significant side effects, and it may constitute an alternative to insulin. However, the mechanism by which tungstate exerts its observed metabolic effects in vivo is still not completely understood. In this work, serum-containing proteins which bind tungstate have been characterized. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with a Phenomenex Bio-Sep-S 2000 column and 20 mM HEPES and 150 mM NaCl at pH 7.4 as the mobile phase was chosen as the most appropriate methodology to screen for tungsten-protein complexes. When human serum was incubated with tungstate, three analytical peaks were observed, one related to tungstate-albumin binding, one to free tungstate, and one to an unknown protein binding (MW higher than 300 kDa). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis of the tungsten-containing fractions collected from SEC-ICP-MS chromatograms, after desalting and preconcentration processes, confirmed the association of tungstate with albumin and the other unknown protein. [figure: see text]
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PMID:Study of tungstate-protein interaction in human serum by LC-ICP-MS and MALDI-TOF. 1793 24

Insulin plays an important role in bone prevention of diabetic osteoporosis, but little is known about the relation between the bone mineral density (BMD) increase and the change of mineral element content after treated with insulin. To address this problem, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal group (n = 6), streptozotocin-induced diabetic group (n = 5), and streptozotocin-induced diabetic group with insulin treatment (n = 5). The femoral BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the element content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results showed that the femoral BMD in diabetic group was significantly lower than that in normal group (P < 0.01) but restored by insulin treatment (P < 0.01 vs diabetic group). ICP-AES analysis revealed that the element content of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), and potassium (K) in diabetic group were remarkably lower than those in normal group (P < 0.01) but only Ca, P, and Mg content were significantly increased compared with diabetic group (P < 0.05) after insulin treatment. However, no significant differences were observed in element zinc (Zn) content among three groups. Our findings suggested that the loss of Ca, P, Mg, Sr, and K content accounted for the lower BMD in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats, insulin treatment could restore BMD by increasing the content of Ca, P, and Mg.
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PMID:Reversal of osteoporotic changes of mineral composition in femurs of diabetic rats by insulin. 1795 83

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study investigates the relationship between ED and the downregulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) in the corpus cavernosum (CC) of diabetic rats. It also examines the effects of udenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on ED and cNOS expression levels. After 16 weeks of daily oral treatment with udenafil in diabetic rats, the intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) ratio was recorded to measure erectile function, and cNOS expression was measured using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and immunoblots. Although the ICP/MAP ratio and the expression levels of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in the CC were markedly decreased in diabetic rats, long-term udenafil treatment improved the erectile function and increased cNOS expression compared with diabetic controls. These findings suggest that ED in DM is closely related to decreased cNOS expression in the CC and that udenafil has the ability to compensate for this pathological change by modulating cNOS expression. Udenafil also has an inhibitory role in cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) degradation.
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PMID:Increased expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene and protein in corpus cavernosum by repeated dosing of udenafil in a rat model of chemical diabetogenesis. 1946 35

To evaluate the status and dietary intake of magnesium in mid-old people in a rural area of China, a total of 324 mid-old people (111 males and 213 females) aged 55-70 were randomly selected. All the subjects were divided into four groups: a normal group (N), a hypertension group (H), an impaired fasting glucose group (IFG) and a diabetic group (D). Magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) were measured by emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and dietary intakes were surveyed by 24-hr recall questionnaires. The data were analyzed between groups and also between genders. The average body weight and BMI were 59.4 kg and 22.1 in subjects with IFG, and 62.4 kg and 23.5 in the diabetics, which were higher than those of the normal group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). The average magnesium concentration in RBC was significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the normal group (2.0 mmol/L vs. 2.2 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Groups H, IFG and D took less magnesium than group N (315.9 mg/d, 331.6 mg/d and 323.3 mg/d vs. 371.54 mg/d, p < 0.05). Women took less magnesium than men (326.2 mg/d vs. 373.7 mg/d, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other mineral concentrations in RBC and dietary intakes. Results of this study show that magnesium concentration in RBC is lower in mid-old people suffering hypertension as compared to healthy subjects. Dietary intakes of magnesium are lower in mid-old people suffering hypertension, IFG and diabetes as compared to healthy subjects. This indicates that an increase in the magnesium supply would be beneficial to mid-old people.
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PMID:Magnesium status and dietary intake of mid-old people in a rural area of China. 1965 75

Application of modern analytical technology for studying the fate of metallodrugs after administration to the blood is of utmost importance for drug development. Zn(II) compounds are under development as insulin-enhancing drugs with potential use in the treatment of diabetes. In comparison to the well-established vanadium compounds, especially the lower risk of adverse effects due to the essentiality of the element in biological processes is advantageous. Herein, CZE-ICP-MS studies on the interaction of Zn(II)-maltolato, -2-picolinato and -2,6-dipicolinato complexes with human serum proteins are discussed and modeling calculations were confirmed by experimental results. Studies with human serum reveal preference for HSA over other less abundant proteins and serum components.
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PMID:Biodistribution of anti-diabetic Zn(II) complexes in human serum and in vitro protein-binding studies by means of CZE-ICP-MS. 1996 Apr 75

The increase in the number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients from the north central region of Sri Lanka has become a environmental health issue of national concern. Unlike in other countries where long-standing diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of renal diseases, the majority of CKD patients from this part of Sri Lanka do not show any identifiable cause. As the disease is restricted to a remarkably specific geographical terrain, particularly in the north central dry zone of the country, multidisciplinary in-depth research studies are required to identify possible etiologies and risk factors. During this study, population screening in the prevalent region and outside the region, analysis of geoenvironmental and biochemical samples were carried out. Population screening that was carried out using a multistage sampling technique indicated that the point prevalence of CKD with uncertain etiology is about 2-3% among those above 18 years of age. Drinking water collected from high-prevalent and non-endemic regions was analyzed for their trace and ultratrace element contents, including the nephrotoxic heavy metals Cd and U using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the affected regions contain moderate to high levels of fluoride. The Cd contents in drinking water, rice from affected regions and urine from symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients were much lower indicating that Cd is not a contributing factor for CKD with uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. Although no single geochemical parameter could be clearly and directly related to the CKD etiology on the basis of the elements determined during this study, it is very likely that the unique hydrogeochemistry of the drinking water is closely associated with the incidence of the disease.
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PMID:Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: geographic distribution and environmental implications. 2085 20

The use of V(IV) complexes as insulin-enhancing agents has been increasing during the last decade. Among them, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone and 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyrone (maltol and ethyl maltol, respectively) have proven to be especially suitable as ligands for vanadyl ions. In fact, they have passed phase I and phase II clinical trials, respectively. However, the mechanism through which those drugs exert their insulin-mimetic properties is still not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this study is to obtain an integrated picture of the absorption, biodistribution and insulin-mimetic properties of the bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) (BMOV) in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. For this purpose, BMOV hypoglycaemic properties were evaluated by monitoring both the circulating glucose and the glycohemoglobin, biomarkers of diabetes mellitus. In both cases, the results were drug concentration dependent. Using doses of vanadium at 3 mg/day, it was possible to reduce the glycaemia of the diabetic rats to almost control levels. BMOV absorption experiments have been conducted by intestinal perfusion revealing that approximately 35% of V is absorbed by the intestinal cells. Additionally, the transport of the absorbed vanadium (IV) by serum proteins was studied. For this purpose, a speciation strategy using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and inductively coupled serum mass spectrometry, ICP-MS, for detection has been employed. The obtained HPLC-ICP-MS results, confirmed by MALDI-MS data, showed evidence that V, administered orally, is uniquely bound to transferrin in rat serum.
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PMID:Absorption, transport and insulin-mimetic properties of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats by integrated mass spectrometric techniques. 2184 99


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