Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. This study was designed to identify the expression of diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive PKC-alpha, -betaII, -delta, and -epsilon isoforms in normal and diabetic rat glomerular cells and to determine the effects of high glucose and insulin on PKC isoform cellular compartmentalization and PKC activity. Diabetic rats treated with or without insulin and normal rats were examined 2 and 4 weeks after streptozotocin/vehicle injection. Renal cortical tissue immunogold-labeled with anti-PKC-alpha, -betaII, -delta, or -epsilon antibody was visualized by electron microscopy. From isolated glomeruli, total cell lysate and cytosol and membrane fractions were immunoblotted with the same anti-PKC isoform antibodies. PKC activity in isolated glomeruli was measured by 32P-phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor substrate. Immunogold labeling revealed expression of the four PKC isoforms by glomerular visceral epithelial, endothelial, and mesangial cells of both normal and diabetic rats. Immunoblot analysis of the diabetic rat glomeruli at 2 weeks demonstrated a significant increase in membrane-associated PKC-alpha, -delta, and -epsilon and a significant decrease in membrane PKC-betaII content compared with normal, which were similar at 4 weeks. Insulin treatment normalized membrane PKC isoform contents and caused a significant decrease in the cytosol content of PKC-alpha, -betaII, and -delta and total cellular PKC-alpha compared with normal. Although PKC activity in the cells of diabetic rat glomeruli was increased by 20% compared with normal, the difference did not reach statistical significance. In insulin-treated diabetic rat glomeruli, PKC activity was significantly decreased compared with non-insulin-treated diabetic rat glomeruli. In conclusion, DAG-sensitive PKC-alpha, -betaII, -delta, and -epsilon isoforms are all found in the three major glomerular cell types in rats, and the expression, compartmentalization, and activity are modulated independently by high glucose and insulin.
Diabetes 1998 Apr
PMID:Altered expression and subcellular localization of diacylglycerol-sensitive protein kinase C isoforms in diabetic rat glomerular cells. 956 2

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an elevation in the basal levels of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) of cardiac myocytes. This may be due in part to a glucose-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i. The present study examined this issue and explored the cellular pathways responsible for such a phenomenon. A total of 30 mM glucose, mannitol or choline chloride, but not urea, induced a time- and dose-dependent rise in the [Ca2+]i of cardiac myocytes. G protein inhibition by GDP beta S or pertussis toxin produced significant inhibition (> or = 80%) in the rise in [Ca2+]i. Incubation of cardiac myocytes in a calcium free medium or in media containing verapamil, nifedipine or amlodipine almost completely abolished the rise in [CA2+], while ryanodine produced only small reduction (10%) in the glucose-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. Rp-cAMP or H-89, inhibitors of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway, produced a modest decrease in the rise in [Ca2+]i, while staurosporine (an inhibitor of PKC) and HOE 694 (an inhibitor of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger) had no effect on the rise in [Ca2+]i. The results indicate that the osmotic activity of glucose (cell shrinkage) activates G protein(s), most likely through a stretch receptor, which in turn stimulates calcium channels inhibitable by verapamil, nifedipine and amlodipine, thus permitting a calcium influx into the cardiac myocytes. The increased calcium entry may stimulate a calcium release from intracellular stores by a calcium-induced calcium release process. Thus, in cardiac myocytes direct activation of calcium channels, and to a small extent activation of the cAMP-protein kinase A, and calcium-induced calcium release mediate the high glucose-induced acute rise in their [Ca2+]i.
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PMID:High glucose concentration causes a rise in [Ca2+]i of cardiac myocytes. 957 38

This study examined the changes in PKC isozyme activity, content, and cellular distribution in rat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles prior to any evidence of neural degeneration or impaired skeletal muscle function, during the onset of streptozocin-induced (STZ) and genetic diabetes mellitus (DM). PKC activity was increased more in the particulate than in the soluble fractions of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles obtained from rats treated with STZ and the gastrocnemius muscle obtained from BB-Wor diabetic rats (D rats). The predominant constitutive PKC isozymes in the skeletal muscles obtained from the STZ-treated and D rats were PKCalpha >> PKCepsilon > PKCdelta as determined by Western immunoblot assay. The content of each PKC isozyme did not differ between the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the control Sprague-Dawley rats for the STZ-treated rats and the BB Wor diabetic resistant (DR) rats. Moreover, the PKC isozyme content did not differ in the soluble fraction of D or STZ rats when compared to their corresponding control animals. PKCdelta increased more than PKCalpha or PKCepsilon in the particulate fraction of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles when obtained from either D or STZ rats. Since similar changes in skeletal muscle PKC isozyme profiles occurred independent of the duration of the diabetes and thereby the degree of nerve degeneration, insulin resistance, and the model of DM tested, we conclude that changes in skeletal muscle PKC precede the skeletal muscle myopathy of DM.
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PMID:Protein kinase C isozymes in skeletal muscles during the early stage of genetic and streptozocin diabetes. 971 84

Diabetic microangiopathy has been implicated as a fundamental feature of the pathological complications of diabetes including retinopathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot ulceration. However, previous studies devoted to examining the deleterious effects of elevated glucose on the endothelium have been performed largely in primary cultured cells of macrovessel origin. Difficulty in the harvesting and maintenance of microvascular endothelial cells in culture have hindered the study of this relevant population. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the effect of elevated glucose on the proliferation and involved signaling pathways of an immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) that possess similar characteristics to their in vivo counterparts. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were grown in the presence of normal (5 mM) or high D-glucose (20 mM) for 14 days. The proliferative response of HMEC-1 was compared under these conditions as well as the cAMP and PKC pathways by in vitro assays. Elevated glucose significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) HMEC-1 proliferation after 7, 10, and 14 days. This effect was not mimicked by 20 mM mannitol. The antiproliferative effect was more pronounced with longer exposure (1-14 days) to elevated glucose and was irreversible 4 days after a 10-day exposure. The antiproliferative effect was partially reversed in the presence of a PKA inhibitor, Rp-cAMP (10-50 microM), and/or a PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C (10 nM). HMEC-1 exposed to elevated glucose (20 mM) for 14 days caused an increase in cyclic AMP accumulation, PKA, and PKC activity but was not associated with the activation of downstream events such as CRE and AP-1 binding activity. These data support the hypothesis that HMEC-1 is a suitable model to study the deleterious effects of elevated glucose on microvascular endothelial cells. Continued studies with HMEC-1 may prove advantageous in delineation of the molecular pathophysiology associated with diabetic microangiopathy.
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PMID:Antiproliferative effect of elevated glucose in human microvascular endothelial cells. 982 95

Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C (cPKC) activity and expression have been studied in livers from hypoinsulinemic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and untreated control rats. In diabetic rats, cPKC activity was slightly decreased in liver total particulate and nuclear fractions but was unchanged in mitochondrial-lysosomal, microsomal and cytosolic fractions. On Western immunoblot analysis, PKC alpha was identified as two distinct proteins of 90 and 81 kDa. In diabetic rats, the abundance of the 90 kDa protein was increased in most subcellular fractions with a maximum in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions (180%) but that of the 81 kDa protein was unchanged. PKC beta2 was detected as a single 81 kDa protein in cytosolic and microsomal fractions with unchanged levels in diabetic rats. Liver PKC alpha mRNA levels as measured by reverse transcription and competitive PCR amplification were similar in diabetic and control rats. The increased expression of PKC alpha protein in diabetic rats was reversed by insulin but not by phlorizin, suggesting that it did not result from hyperglycemia. We conclude that STZ-induced diabetes induces the expression of a biologically inactive form of PKC alpha which differs from active PKC alpha by an undefined post-translational modification, possibly an increase in phosphorylation state.
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PMID:Increased expression of liver PKC alpha in hypoinsulinemic diabetic rats: a post-translational effect. 1002 75

A serious insulin resistance characterizes pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus. Elsewhere, we demonstrated that MIA PaCa2 cultured cells secrete a soluble factor responsible for reduced glucose tolerance induced in SCID mice. The intracellular mechanism of insulin resistance was investigated in isolated and perfused rat hepatocytes incubated with MIA PaCa2 conditioned medium. Lactate production was reduced compared to hepatocytes incubated with control medium while 1,2-DAG was increased and PKC was activated in the hepatocytes incubated with MIA PaCa2 conditioned medium. This behavior was not reproduced treating the hepatocytes with the growth factors EGF, interleukin Ibeta, interleukin-6, and TGF-beta1. In an attempt to make a biochemical identification of the hypothesized tumor associated-diabetogenic factors we observed a low molecular weight protein in the conditioned medium, absent in the nonconditioned one, that may be responsible for the described behaviors.
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PMID:Glucose metabolic alterations in isolated and perfused rat hepatocytes induced by pancreatic cancer conditioned medium: a low molecular weight factor possibly involved. 1019 61

Various growth factors and vasoactive substances are implicated in the pathogenesis of renal growth seen in early diabetes mellitus (DM). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important mediator of these extracellular stimuli. Protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme known to be stimulated in DM, also activates MAPK. Thus, MAPK activity was examined in glomeruli from streptozotocin-induced DM rats. MAPK activity, measured as myelin basic protein kinase, was elevated by approximately 50% in DM versus controls (CON). Increased protein contents of p42mapk and p44mapk, as well as increased tyrosine phosphorylation and mobility shift of p42mapk, were also observed in DM. Tyrosine dephosphorylation of pp42mapk, on the other hand, assessed by incubating glomerular membrane with or without sodium orthovanadate (vanadate), was significantly diminished in DM. Protein expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a dual specificity phosphatase that inactivates MAPK, was approximately 60% of CON. Reduction in MKP-1 was reproduced in cultured mesangial cells grown under high glucose (30 mM; HG). The suppression of MKP-1 was PKC-dependent since incubation of HG cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 24 h abolished it. Furthermore, calcium ionophore A23187 reversed the suppression, suggesting that blunted Ca2+ signalling, characteristic of HG cells secondary to PKC stimulation, may be the cause. These results demonstrate that glomerular MAPK is activated in DM by multiple mechanisms i.e., increases in protein contents, increased phosphorylation, and decreased dephosphorylation of the enzyme due to suppression of MKP-1. These alterations may have an implication in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Mechanisms of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in experimental diabetes. 1020 57

The mechanisms of insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat have not been clearly established but increased diacylglycerol-protein kinase C (DAG-PKC) signalling has been associated with decreased glucose utilisation in states of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to characterise tissue- and isoform-selective differences in DAG-PKC signalling in insulin-sensitive tissues from obese Zucker rats, and to assess the effects of feeding on DAG-PKC pathways. Groups of male obese (fa/fa, n=24) and lean (fa/-, n=24) Zucker rats were studied after baseline measurements of fasting serum glucose, triglycerides, insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests. Liver, epididymal fat and soleus muscle samples were obtained from fed and overnight-fasted rats for measurements of DAG, PKC activity and individual PKC isoforms in cytosol and membrane fractions. Obese rats were heavier (488+/-7 vs 315+/-9 g) with fasting hyperglycaemia (10.5+/-0.8 vs 7.7+/-0.1 mM) and hyperinsulinaemia (7167+/-363 vs 251+/-62 pM) relative to lean controls. In fasted rats, PKC activity in the membrane fraction of liver was significantly higher in the obese group (174+/-16 vs 108+/-12 pmol/min/mg protein, P<0.05) but there were no differences in muscle and fat. The fed state was associated with increased DAG levels and threefold higher PKC activity in muscle tissue of obese rats, and increased expression of the major muscle isoforms, PKC-theta and PKC-epsilon: e.g. PKC activity in the membrane fraction of muscle from obese animals was 283+/-42 (fed) vs 107+/-20 pmol/min/mg protein (fasting) compared with 197+/-27 (fed) and 154+/-21 pmol/min/mg protein (fasting) in lean rats. In conclusion, hepatic PKC activity is higher in obese rats under basal fasting conditions and feeding-induced activation of DAG-PKC signalling occurs selectively in muscle of obese (fa/fa) rats due to increased DAG-mediated activation and/or synthesis of PKC-theta and PKC-epsilon. These changes in PKC are likely to exacerbate the hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia associated with obesity-induced diabetes.
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PMID:Tissue and isoform-selective activation of protein kinase C in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats - effects of feeding. 1042 58

Expression of the genes encoding several matrix proteins, including the laminin gamma1 and beta1 subunits, is increased in glomeruli or renal cortex from diabetic animals or in mesangial cells cultured in high concentrations of glucose. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and IGF-1 have been implicated as mediators of this response. In the present study, we assessed the influence of high glucose concentrations and the roles of TGF-beta1 and IGF-1 in the regulation of laminin C1 gene expression in cultured mesangial cells. Culture of normal rat mesangial cells (RMC) or SV40-transformed mouse mesangial (MES-13) cells in 500 mg/dl D-glucose for 2 days to 3 weeks significantly increased laminin C1 mRNA abundance compared with cells cultured in 100 mg/dl D-glucose. IGF-1 also increased laminin C1 mRNA abundance in RMC or MES-13 cells, whereas TGF-beta1 was without effect. The influence of raising the medium glucose concentration on laminin C1 promoter activity was further studied in MES-13 cells that had been stably transfected with a reporter gene containing the promoter linked to luciferase. Culture in 500 mg/dl D-glucose for 4 h to at least 1 week increased laminin C1 promoter activity compared with cells maintained in 100 mg/dl glucose. In contrast, culture of cells in medium that contained 400 mg/dl mannitol or 400 mg/dl L-glucose in addition to 100 mg/dl D-glucose did not increase laminin C1 promoter activity. The ability of high glucose to increase laminin C1 promoter activity was absolutely dependent on the presence of serum. Consistent with results obtained with mRNA, TGF-beta1 had no influence on promoter activity in stable integrants. Whereas IGF-1 transiently increased promoter activity in stable integrants, the increase was not sustained (6 h). Moreover, neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta or to IGF-1 receptor did not suppress increases in laminin C1 promoter activity induced by culture of stable integrants in high glucose. Several inhibitors of protein kinase C, including bisindolylmaleimide (GFX), myristoylated PKC inhibitor peptide, and LY333531, were also without effect on increases in laminin C1 promoter activity induced by culture in high glucose. Exposure to the NO donor (+/-)-s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) blocked increases in laminin C1 promoter activity induced by serum and by culture in high glucose without influencing promoter activity in cells cultured in the absence of serum and in 100 mg/dl glucose. The ability of high glucose concentrations and IGF-1 to increase laminin C1 promoter activity in cultured mesangial cells, and the suppression of glucose actions by the NO donor SNAP, provide potential mechanisms whereby the synthesis of the laminin gamma1 chain may be regulated in the glomerulus in diabetes. Of note, the mechanism by which high glucose increases laminin C1 promoter activity appears to differ from mechanisms previously described for some other glucose actions on matrix protein synthesis. In this regard, TGF-beta and protein kinase C were not implicated as mediators of the effect of high glucose on laminin C1 promoter activity.
Diabetes 1999 Oct
PMID:Regulation of the laminin C1 promoter in cultured mesangial cells. 1051 77

We have reported that d-alpha-tocopherol can prevent hyperglycemia-induced activation of DAG and PKC levels in vascular tissues as well as normalizing retinal blood flow and renal hyperfiltration. The mechanism of this effect, however, is not clear. Aside from alpha-tocopherol's principal role as an antioxidant agent, it has also been shown to act as a membrane stabilizer. Another possibility is that the effect of alpha-tocopherol is focused on the activation of DAG kinase, which is a key enzyme in the metabolism of DAG. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol on the DAG kinase activity in vascular smooth muscle cell. We have also examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol, its analogues, and probucol on DAG kinase activities and expression. The present study showed that d-alpha-tocopherol's inhibitory effect on DAG-PKC pathway is by increasing DAG kinase activity in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Total DAG level was increased by 40 +/- 10% (mean +/- S.E.) (P < 0.05) in human VSMC, after exposure to 22 vs 5 mM glucose. This increase was normalized by d-alpha-tocopherol treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. In parallel, DAG kinase activation by d-alpha-tocopherol was also induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DAG kinase activity was increased by 57 +/- 19% (P < 0.05) in human VSMC and 112 +/- 35% (P < 0.05) in rat VSMC after 24 h of incubation with d-alpha-tocopherol (100 microg/ml). Another lipophilic antioxidant, probucol, also increased DAG kinase activity by 124 +/- 34%, but other vitamin E analogues with much less antioxidant potencies were ineffective. Western blots of various DAG kinase isoforms were not changed by d-alpha-tocopherol treatment. These results provide strong and detailed evidence that d-alpha-tocopherol can prevent hyperglycemia induced DAG-PKC activation by enhancing DAG kinase activity, probably through an antioxidant effect.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999 Sep
PMID:d-Alpha-tocopherol prevents the hyperglycemia induced activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cell by an increase of DAG kinase activity. 1058 71


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