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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 9 patients with untreated diabetes mellitus and from 13 obese nondiabetics. After incubation with isoprenaline or noradrenaline, glycerol release and tissue cyclic AMP (cAMP) were determined. Basal glycerol release was twice as rapid from the diabetic adipose tissue. With isoprenaline, the cAMP concentration and the glycerol production was significantly higher in the diabetic adipose tissue. Noradrenaline did not increase glycerol production or cAMP concentration in the diabetic adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was also removed from the diabetics after antidiabetic treatment. Basal lipolysis was significantly reduced and noradrenaline significantly increased both glycerol release and cAMP production. With isoprenaline, cAMP production and glycerol release were significantly less after antidiabetic treatment than in the untreated state. The data provide evidence for increased alpha- as well as beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in human subcutaneous adipose tissue of untreated diabetic patients.
Diabetologia 1976 Dec
PMID:Abnormalities in the adrenergic control and the rate of lipolysis in isolated human subcutaneous adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus. 18 19

17 oral glucose tolerance tests with simultaneous estimation of plasma insulin, were carried out in 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis of which 7 were of calcific type. Among these patients, 10 had obvious diabetes and 3 chemical diabetes. The disorders of glucose regulation were more common in the calcific form of the disease. Serum insulin was then lower and not stimulant. The curves of plasma insulin obtained in non-calcific pancreatitis were variable. In hyperinsulinism, the oral glucose tolerance test showed flat or normal curves. In hypoinsulinism, the glucose tolerance tests were either normal or strongly pathological. This insulinism, as shown by this study of chronic pancreatitis, seems to be linked to an imbalance in the cell distribution of the islets of Langerhans. The role of glucagon appears preponderant.
Sem Hop 1976 Dec
PMID:[Study of insulin secretion in chronic pancreatitis]. 18 95


Diabetes 1977 Dec
PMID:Rapid conversion by insulin of hepatic intermediary metabolism from glucose production to glucose utilization in the liver of alloxan-diabetic rats. 20 29

Skeletal muscle cyclic AMP (cAMP) content and glycogen synthesis were investigated in male rats subjected to exhaustive exercise, alloxan diabetes, and combinations of these conditions. After an exhaustive swim or control treatment of wading, randomly selected animals were administered 500 mg glucose via stomach tube. Two hours after glucose administration, gastrocnemius glycogen levels rose from 1.31 to 10.67 mg/g wet wt in fatigued nondiabetics (FND), producing a 94% supercompensation above control values. Glycogen of fatigued diabetics (FD) increased from 0.88 to 4.21 mg/g wet wt during the first 2 hr after glucose administration and did not reach control values for 24 h. In conjunction with these glycogen changes, cAMP increased from 1.23 to 2.59 and 1.47 to 2.81 pmol/mg wet wt for FND and FD, respectively (P less than 0.05). No difference in cAMP levels between diabetics and nondiabetics was found. These in vivo data suggest that insulin may not be essential for muscle glycogen synthesis, but that after glycogen depletion it plays a prominent role in supercompensation. Also, this hormone's mechanism of action in skeletal muscle does not appear to be mediated through alteration in the tissue cAMP concentration.
Am J Physiol 1977 Dec
PMID:Role of insulin during exercise-induced glycogenesis in muscle: effect on cyclic AMP. 20 69

The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and of insulin supplementation to diabetic rats on glycogen-metabolizing enzymes in liver were determined. The results were compared with those from control animals. The activities of glycogenolytic enzymes, i.e. phosphorylase (both a and b), phosphorylase kinase and protein kinase (in the presence or in the absence of cyclic AMP), were significantly decreased in the diabetic animals. The enzyme activities were restored to control values by insulin therapy. Glycogen synthase (I-form) activity, similarly decreased in the diabetic animals, was also restored to control values after the administration of insulin. The increase in glycogen synthase(I-form) activity after insulin treatment was associated with a concomitant increase in phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. The increase in phosphatase activity was due to (i) a change in the activity of the enzyme itself and (ii) a decrease in a heat stable protein inhibitor of the phosphatase activity.
Biochem J 1977 Dec 15
PMID:The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and of insulin supplementation on glycogen metabolism in rat liver. 20 91

High carbohydrate (CHO) diets cause accumulation in plasma of larger, triglyceride (TG)-enriched very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. In man, the composition of the VLDL is changed by such diets as well. The source of the altered VLDL particles is presumed to be the liver, but the intestine is known to secrete VLDL, and VLDL is also altered during its postsecretory catabolism. To ascertain that the liver is a source of "diet-induced VLDL," we fed rats CHO and control diets and we examined plasma levels of lipids chemically and apoproteins A-I (ApoA-I) and B (ApoB) by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). VLDL (d less than 1.006) and VLDL density subfractions were isolated and their composition studied by RIA, column chromatography, isoelectric focusing (IEF), and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Livers from control and CHO-fed rats were perfused in vitro. Whole perfusates and perfusate VLDL were studied similary. In the CHO-fed rats, plasma TG increased, cholesterol and ApoA-I remained unchanged, and ApoB fell. The VLDL isolated were TG enriched and less dense. Although total VLDL-protein rose, the proportion of VLDL-protein that was ApoB and arginine-rich protein (ARP) fell, while ApoC rose. The ApoB content varied directly with density of particles. ARP subunits were not changed, but relative proportions of ApoC-III0 rose from 39 to 46 per cent of dye uptake on IEF gels and ApoC-III3 fell from 34 to 26 per cent. Thus, CHO feeding produced altered plasma VLDL in the rat. The perfused livers of the CHO-fed rat secreted more TG, but absolute secretory rates for cholesterol, ApoB, and ApoA-I were unchanged. The VLDL isolated from perfusates were larger, TG-enriched, and less dense. Although VLDL-protein rose, the proportion that was ApoB fell; both ApoC and ARP rose, ARP subunits were unchanged, while ApoC-III0 rose from 29 to 37 per cent and ApoC-III3 fell from 48 to 42 per cent. In contrast to plasma, ApoC content was not increased relative to ARP. As in plasma, content of ApoB varied with particle density. Thus, CHO feeding induced changes in hepatic perfusate VLDL structure and composition that in general paralleled those changes seen in plasma. This strongly suggests that the action of diet on the liver is responsible for many of the changes seen in plasma VLDL. On the other hand, the discrepancy between the VLDL-ApoC content and subunit proportions of plasma and perfusate suggests that the discrepancy is due to postsecretory processing. Similarly, the failure to see decreases in absolute hepatic ApoB secretion, while plasma ApoB levels fell, suggests that the postsecretory metabolism of ApoB-containing lipoproteins is also altered by diet. In addition, the failure to see increases in hepatic VLDL-ApoB secretory rates at a time when VLDL-TG and VLDL-protein increased suggests that there is no tight coupling between the secretion of ApoB and lipids.
Diabetes 1978 Dec
PMID:Carbohydrate diet-induced changes in very low density lipoprotein composition and structure. 21 69

Islet cell adenomas are an important consideration in infants and children with hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism. Between 1965 and 1977, 32 patients with hyperinsulinism were seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Sixteen of these patients underwent surgery. Eight patients had single pancreatic adenomas, 5 of whom were infants under 1 yr of age. In 3 infants an adenoma was recognized and removed at the time of surgery. In 4 patients a subtotal pancreatectomy was successful in removing the adenoma. One infant is whom the adenoma was not included in the subtotal pancreatectomy died postoperatively with intractable hypoglycemia. Of the 7 patients cured by surgery, 6 are normal and 1 has brain damage due to delay in treatment of hypoglycemia. One child has mild diabetes. A combined medical and surgical protocol has been developed that permits rapid diagnosis of hyperinsulinism and selection of candidates for surgery. Infants under 1 yr of age who fail to respond to diazoxide should be explored. In children whose hyperinsulinism appears beyond 1 yr of age, surgery is indicated, since an adenoma is likely.
J Pediatr Surg 1978 Dec
PMID:Pancreatic adenomas in infants and children: current surgical management. 21 34

1. Male rats were injected daily for 5 days with 0.15m-NaCl, corticotropin, cortisol or l-thyroxine and the rates of glycerolipid synthesis were measured in the livers after intraportal injection of [(14)C]palmitate and [(3)H]glycerol. 2. Injection of all three hormones decreased the rates of body-weight gain. 3. Cortisol treatment increased the weight of the liver relative to body weight. 4. Thyroxine treatment increased the relative rate of triacylglycerol synthesis from [(3)H]glycerol and decreased the relative accumulation of (3)H and (14)C in diacylglycerol. It did not significantly alter the accumulation of these isotopes in phosphatidate nor the activity of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the total liver. However, this activity increased by 1.5-fold when expressed relative to the soluble protein of the liver. The increased triacylglycerol synthesis appears to be related to a general increase in the turnover of fatty acids in the liver. 5. Treatment with cortisol and corticotropin increased the relative rate of triacylglycerol synthesis from [(3)H]glycerol, decreased the accumulation of (3)H in phosphatidate and increased the flux of both isotopes from phosphatidate to diacylglycerol. This appeared to be caused by the increased activity of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase that was observed in the livers of the cortisol-treated rats. 6. It is proposed that cortisol could be directly or indirectly involved in increasing the activity of hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in starvation, diabetes, laparotomy, subtotal hepatectomy, liver damage, ethanol feeding and in obesity. This enzyme adaptation could contribute to the potential of the liver to increase its synthesis and accumulation of triacylglycerols or to secrete very-low-density lipoproteins.
Biochem J 1978 Dec 15
PMID:The effects of cortisol, corticotropin and thyroxine on the synthesis of glycerolipids and on the phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in rat liver. 21 53

A 34-year-old man presented with classic glucagonoma syndrome manifested by weight loss, dermatitis, stomatitis, anemia, and mild diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of glucagonoma was made by light and electron microscopic demonstration of a metastatic alpha cell carcinoma in a liver biopsy specimen. Plasma glucagon concentration was abnormally high. The patient also had symptoms and signs of involvement of the central nervous system. Radionuclide and CAT scans of the brain, negative CSF cytology and myelography excluded the possibility of metastases or other space-occupying lesions. Glucagon was demonstrated in the CSF. We postulate that the neurologic symptoms were due to direct or indirect effect of this hormone on the brain. Following therapy with streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil, the patient had a subjective and objective clinical and hormonal remission of his disease including amelioration of his neurological impairment.
Cancer 1979 Dec
PMID:Neurologic involvement in glucagonoma syndrome: response to combination chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and streptozotocin. 22 32

Hyperinsulinemia was produced in fetal rhesus monkeys for 21 days in the last third of gestation by subcutaneous pork insulin injected at 19 U a day. Plasma insulin concentrations in treated fetuses (N = 4) were 3525 microU/ml. There was no difference in paired pre- and post-treatment fetal plasma glucose concentration. Activity of the hepatic enzymes that promote glucose utilization (glucokinase and hexokinase) and glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase) was unaffected. Similarly, glycogen metabolism enzymes (active and inactive synthase and phosphorylase) were unaltered. Two gluconeogenic enzymes (PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase) were diminished in the treated group compared with controls. Fetal hyperinsulinemia enhanced lipogenic and NADPH-producing enzyme activities, as evidenced by a twofold increase in fatty acid synthase and in citrate cleavage enzyme activity. Malic enzyme was absent. Hyperinsulinemia with euglycemia (1) increases the activity of enzymes that participate in lipogenesis, (2) decreases some of those controlling gluconeogenesis, and (3) has no effect on the enzymes of glycolysis.
Diabetes 1979 Dec
PMID:Chronic hyperinsulinemia in the fetal rhesus monkey: effects on hepatic enzymes active in lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. 22 50


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