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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-nine patients (14 non-diabetics, 8 chemical diabetics, and 17 overt diabetics) with circulating islet cell antibodies (ICA) were studied. Insulin and glucagon secretion after oral (100 g) and intravenous glucose loading (200 mg/kg bolus injection followed by an infusion of 20 mg/min over 60 min) and arginine infusion (25 g over 30 minutes) were evaluated in these patients and in non diabetic and diabetic ICA-negative controls. In the non-diabetic groups with or without ICA, insulin and glucagon responses to glucose were similar. Moreover, in ICA positive patients the response of these hormones to arginine infusion was reduced. Similar alterations in insulin and glucagon secretion were observed in the CIA positive and negative patients with chemical or overt diabetes. In particular, fasting hyperglucagonaemia and glucagon hyperresponse to arginine are associated with a lack of insulin secretion in the patients with overt diabetes. Hormonal differences between diabetics with and without ICA could not be detected.
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PMID:Insulin and glucagon secretion in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with circulating islet cell antibodies. 33 69

During the past decades insulin has been given in relatively high doses when treating diabetic coma. Recently low-dose insulin treatment has been proposed by several groups. In the reported investigation insulin was initially given in moderate to high doses (12-200 U/h) with a steady reduction in dose during the course of treatment. Insulin infusion was regulated either manually with an adjustable infusion pump (7 patients) or automatically with an artificial endocrine pancreas (glucose-controlled insulin infusion system; 11 patients). Thus 18 patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus (coma or precoma) were treated. In 14 patients with ketoacidotic decompensation laboratory data on hospital admission were: blood glucose 7.35 +/- 0.61 g/l, serum potassium 4.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, pH 7.1 +/- 0.04, base excess - 19,7 +/- 2.2 mmol/l (x +/- SEM). The other patients had hyperglycaemic or hyperosmolar non-ketotic decompensation. In all patients controlled reduction of blood glucose levels was achieved within 2.3 to 18 hours. The amounts of insulin infused during this ranged from 17 to 320 units, but in one instance was 1950 units. There were no complications.
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PMID:[Insulin treatment of decompensated diabetes mellitus with a new artificial endocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. 33 2

A study was designed to assess the cellular immune competence of Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. First-set Fischer skin allografts were rejected in 10.9 days by nondiabetic Lewis recipients and in 12.0 days by diabetic Lewis recipients. Second-set skin allografts in the same strain combination, utilizing the same recipients, were rejected in 8.1 days by nondiabetic recipients and in 13.0 days by diabetic recipients (P less than 0.01), indicating an absence of second-set rejection in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Treatment with NPH insulin, 3 units daily, although only slightly corrective of hyperglycemia, reduced second-set graft rejection to 8.0 days. These findings offer evidence of impaired cellular immune responsiveness in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Insulin was shown to correct deficient allograft immunity.
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PMID:Immune competence of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. I. Absent second-set skin allograft response. 33 90

The therapeutic effect of swine insulin preparation Lente, "Pharmachim" production was studied in 50 diabetics. Its hypoglycemizing activitis compared with that of standardized insulin Lente--"Novo", extract of bovine pancreas. The Bulgarian preparation was found to be very similar to the preparation Lente-Novo in its pharma-codynamic properties and could successfully be used in the diabetes melitus treatment. Insulin Lente Pharmachim is presumed to have lower antigenicity as an extract of swine pancreas, which is actually its great advantage for the therapeutic practice.
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PMID:[Therapeutic qualities of a lente preparation of swine insulins manufactured by Pharmachem]. 34 32

Sixty-nine alloxan-diabetic male Fischer rats received syngeneic transplants of eight 18-days-postcoitum fetal pancreases at the renal subcapsular site. One half of the recipients were given 2 to 4 U. protamine-zinc insulin for seven days immediately after transplantation. This insulin-treatment regimen effectively normalized blood glucose rapidly. Forty-seven transplant recipients survived, and diabetes was reversed in all. Insulin treatment had no effect on recovery time or glucose tolerance. Those animals requiring longer periods to reach normoglycemia had impaired glucose tolerance. Some insulin-treated recipients returned to normoglycemia rapidly while others required an extended period. Those animals that showed rapid reversal exhibited elevated concentrations of plasma insulin both in the fasting state and during glucose tolerance tests. No pretransplant parameters could be identified as predictors of rapid reversal.
Diabetes 1978 Oct
PMID:Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. I. Effect of insulin treatment of the reversal of alloxan diabetes. 35 88

Insulin and glucagon have been studied in 20 subjects (both of the subjects' parents were diabetic or in case of only one diabetic parent, the other showed a first degree familiarity of diabetes): 10 showed normal glucose tolerance ('true prediabetics') and 10 impaired glucose tolerance ('genetic chemical diabetes'). Mean insulin response to oral (100 g) and i.v. glucose load (200 mg/kg followed by 20 mg/kg/min for 60 min) and to arginine infusion (25 g in 30 min) was normal in the prediabetics and delayed and higher in the subjects with chemical diabetes as compared to the control group. Glucagon response to arginine was higher, but not significantly, in prediabetics and in subjects with chemical diabetes. In both of these groups glucagon suppression by glucose was not observed. The insulin/glucagon molar ratio was significantly reduced after glucose infusion in these two groups. No correlation was found between insulin and glucagon secretion after arginine or glucose. A possible alteration in the mechanism controlling glucagon secretion even in the earliest phases of diabetes is suggested.
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PMID:Glucagon and insulin secretion in potential diabetes. 36 Jul 48

The clinical characteristics of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin (Insulin Retard RI) were investigated, including absorption from the subcutaneous tissue, blood glucose-lowering effect, stability of mixtures of NPH and regular insulin and measurement of circulating porcine proinsulin and insulin antibodies in diabetes. The absorption of NPH-insulin followed first order kinetics. The half time was 6.9 +/- 2.6h, with an intraindividual coefficient of variation of 26% and an interindividual coefficient of variation of 55%. After 24 h 90% of the injected insulin had disappeared from the subcutaneous tissue. The plasma insulin concentration was maximal 4-5 h after the injection and 24 h after the injection it was not significantly higher than before the injection. The blood glucose-lowering effect was significant 2.5 h after subcutaneous injection of NPH-insulin and was maximal after 5.5 h. The blood glucose-lowering effect of a pre-prepared mixture of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin was not significantly different from the effect of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin injected separately, which indicates the stability of mixtures of NPH and Regular insulin. Porcine proinsulin disappeared from the serum of patients switched to treatment with highly purified porcine NPH insulin and the insulin antibody titer fell. It was concluded that insulin Retard RI has a well-defined, reproducible effect with a clinically useful time course.
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PMID:Absorption, effectiveness and side effects of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin preparations (Leo). 36 32

The rate of alloxan-induced insulin release was measured from rat islets maintained in a simple perifusion system. Insulin release during the five-minute exposure to alloxan reached its maximum rate after two to three minutes of the exposure and then rapidly declined. This insulin release was dependent upon extracellular calcium and was associated with an increased 45Ca uptake by isolated islets. Once exposed to alloxan, however, the islets did not release insulin when stimulated again with D-glucose or alloxan. These effects of alloxan on insulin release (stimulation and subsequent inhibition) and the increased 45Ca uptake were prevented by the presence of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose during the alloxan exposure. These findings indicate a close correlation between alloxan-induced insulin release and the subsequent inhibition of further insulin release. D-glucose, when present during the entire five-minute exposure to alloxan, protected competitively against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. In addition, D-glucose, when present immediately after brief (one to three minutes) alloxan exposures, reversed some of the subsequent inhibition of insulin release. These findings suggest that alloxan and D-glucose were competing for a common site on the beta-cell. The possibility of this site being a receptor responsible for the initiation of insulin release is discussed.
Diabetes 1978 Dec
PMID:Alloxan stimulation and inhibition of insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. 36 92

Obesity in the Zucker rat is accompanied by hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance, pancreatic hyperplasia, and islet hypertrophy. This study correlates the morphologic heterogeneity of isolated pancreatic islets with secretion of insulin and glucagon in the perifusion system. Islet size was arbitrarily defined as large (greater than 0.45 mm) or small (smaller than 0.12 mm). Protein content and volume (V = 4/3pir3) were calculated for groups and individual islets, respectively. Islets from obese rats secreted more insulin in response to glucose and aminophylline than islets from lean rats (peak 7.8 +/- 2.4 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.37 microU/islet/min, P less than 0.005). Insulin release was related directly to islet size and protein content. Small islets from lean and obese animals produced less insulin per islet than large islets (P less than 0.005). In terms of islet volume, however, large islets were inefficient insulin releasers as compared to small islets (P less than 0.005). Stimulation with Br-cAMP released glucagon from islets of lean but not from large islets of obese animals (peak 11 +/- 3.3 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.3 pg/microgram protein per minute, P less than 0.05). Arginine produced the same effect on glucagon release (P less than 0.05) as stimulation with Br-cAMP. The observed increased insulin release rates and the blunted glucagon response are related to islet size in the pancreas of the Zucker rat.
Diabetes 1979 Jun
PMID:Correlation between morphology and function in isolated islets of the Zucker rat. 37 79

Total ligation of the pancreatic ducts of a normal gland in dogs and man results in atrophy of the acinar cells with preservation of islet cell function. Theoretically, this might be applied in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis since, in effect, an exocrine pancreatectomy results. Sustained islet cell function, as evidenced by a normal glucose tolerance test, following pancreatic duct ligation, was demonstrated in dogs for periods of up to two years. Resection of the head of the pancreas and ligation of the distal gland in six patients with chronic pancreatitis and an abnormal glucose tolerance test resulted in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes in all instances. Insulin-dependent diabetes was also demonstrated in one patient with a normal preoperative glucose tolerance test. Recurrent pancreatitis developed in only one patient. The study suggests that pancreatic duct ligation is effective in treating chronic pancreatitis but casts considerable doubt on the effectiveness of this procedure in preventing the development of diabetes, if the glucose tolerance test is abnormal
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PMID:Pancreatic duct ligation in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis. 38 Apr 23


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