Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In vivo metabolism of salicylic acid produces two main hydroxylated derivatives (2,5- and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid). The former can be produced by enzymatic pathways through the cytochrome P-450 system, while the latter is reported to be solely formed by direct hydroxyl radical attack. Therefore, measurement of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, following oral administration of salicylate in its acetylated form (aspirin), has been proposed for assessment of oxidative stress. In this article we report plasma levels of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoates following the administration of 1 g aspirin and plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material (TBARM) in well-controlled diabetic patients and in healthy subjects. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate levels were significantly higher (23%) in diabetic patients than in controls (63.4 +/- 20.1 versus 49.0 +/- 6.8 nM; p < .05). On the other hand, TBARM values were not significantly different between groups. These results suggest that the method is useful to reveal in vivo oxidative stress independently from the peroxidation of lipids, and they support the hypothesis that oxygen radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic complications of diabetes.
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PMID:Salicylate hydroxylation as an early marker of in vivo oxidative stress in diabetic patients. 145 81

Compared with untrained subjects, in trained subjects the increased insulin sensitivity and decreased glucose induced insulin secretion will tend to promote health by decreasing glucose levels and insulin secretion, whereas the increased food intake will tend to increase these variables. To evaluate the net effect of training, we administered oral glucose loads making up identical fractions of daily carbohydrate intake (i.e., same relative glucose loads) to 8 athletes and 7 sedentary subjects (age: 25 +/- 1 vs. 24 +/- 1 yr [mean +/- SE] [NS]; body weight: 76.0 +/- 1.3 vs. 79.3 +/- 2.3 kg [NS]; maximal oxygen uptake: 76 +/- 2 vs. 48 +/- 1 ml O2.kg-1.min-1 [2P < 0.05], respectively). Furthermore, 24 h plasma concentration profiles of glucose, C-peptide, and insulin were determined during ordinary living conditions. Daily carbohydrate intake was higher (2P < 0.05) in athletes compared with sedentary subjects (678 +/- 34 vs. 294 +/- 18 g.day-1, respectively). In response to same relative oral glucose loads, glucose and C-peptide responses were similar in athletes compared to sedentary subjects. Twenty-four hour integrated glucose and C-peptide concentrations did not differ between athletes and sedentary subjects (7.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 7.3 +/- 0.6 mol.L-1.1440 min [2P > 0.05] and 923 +/- 99 vs. 1047 +/- 175 pM.ml-1.1440 min [2P > 0.05], respectively), and insulin concentrations tended to be lower in athletes compared with sedentary subjects (124 +/- 13 vs. 175 +/- 38 pM.ml-1.1440 min [2P > 0.05]).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes Care 1992 Nov
PMID:Does training spare insulin secretion and diminish glucose levels in real life? 146 5

Exercise is frequently recommended in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, its use has been limited in clinical practice, and concerns about safety and efficacy persist. We have reviewed a 10-yr experience with 255 patients enrolled in a comprehensive diabetes program that emphasized physical training. A low maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was found in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared with sedentary control subjects. This was not accounted for by autonomic neuropathy and is unlikely to be due to subtle differences in life-style. Exercise-related proteinuria was common and occurred in 29% of patients and was associated with higher blood pressure levels at rest and during exercise, impaired VO2max, and decreased R-R interval variation. Regular exercise was associated with a modest decrease in resting and exercise blood pressure. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and plasma triglycerides improved only in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin requirements were significantly reduced in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Compliance for up to 3 mo in the program was acceptable but longer-term compliance was poor. Serious complications during the program were rare. Our experience suggests a program of regular aerobic training can be safely and effectively used in an outpatient population with diabetes mellitus for up to 3 mo.
Diabetes Care 1992 Nov
PMID:Ten-year experience with an exercise-based outpatient life-style modification program in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. 146 18

Transcutaneous oxygen, laser Doppler flowmetry, peroneal nerve motor conduction velocity and skin temperature were assessed in both legs of 34 diabetic patients, who had a mean age of 41 (range 29-77) years, and diabetes duration of 21 (3-34) years. Transcutaneous oxygen significantly correlated with peroneal nerve motor conduction velocity (r = 0.59 p < 0.001) and laser Doppler flowmetry (r = 0.7 p < 0.001). Laser Doppler flowmetry correlated weakly with peroneal motor conduction velocity, (r = 0.34 p < 0.05). In each patient the leg with the higher transcutaneous oxygen (mean 70.2 +/- 9.3 (SD) mmHg) had a significantly higher peroneal motor conduction velocity (45.3 +/- 7.1 vs 41.5 +/- 6.3 m/s, p < 0.01), than the leg with the lower transcutaneous oxygen (61.0 +/- 11.9 mmHg), though no difference in skin temperature was observed, 31.4 +/- 0.4 vs 31.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C. We then assessed the potential for reversibility of conduction velocity deficits in ten non-diabetic patients, aged 59 (52-77) years, undergoing unilateral femoro-popliteal bypass, measuring transcutaneous oxygen, peroneal nerve motor conduction velocity and skin temperature pre- and 6 weeks post-surgery. In the control leg (unoperated) there was no significant change in transcutaneous oxygen (63.2 +/- 8.8 vs 63.0 +/- 4.6 mm Hg), peroneal nerve motor conduction velocity (45.1 +/- 7.8 vs 43.4 +/- 7.2 m/s) or skin temperature (30.8 +/- 1.3 vs 30.2 +/- 1.2 degrees C) after surgery (all NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Correlations between nerve function and tissue oxygenation in diabetic patients: further clues to the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy? 147 66

Microvascular dysfunction is frequently seen in patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. The present study was undertaken to examine whether skeletal muscle microcirculation in Type 1 diabetic patients is influenced by C-peptide. Forearm blood flow, capillary diffusion capacity and substrate exchange were studied during strenuous rhythmic forearm exercise on a hand ergometer. Measurements were made before and during i.v. infusion for 60 min of C-peptide or 0.9% NaCl in Type 1 diabetic patients and healthy subjects. During infusion the C-peptide levels in the diabetic patients increased from less than 0.05 nmol/l to 1.32 +/- 0.08 nmol/l. Prior to infusion forearm blood flow and capillary diffusion capacity during exercise were lower in the diabetic patients than the control subjects. During C-peptide infusion both variables increased in the diabetic patients (blood flow +27 +/- 4%, capillary diffusion capacity +52 +/- 9%) to levels similar to those in the healthy subjects, while no significant change was seen in the healthy control subjects or the diabetic patients given NaCl. Forearm uptake of oxygen and glucose in the diabetic patients increased markedly after C-peptide administration but were unchanged after NaCl infusion. Significant uptake of C-peptide to the deep forearm tissues was observed in the resting state; approximately 7 +/- 2% of the arterial C-peptide concentration was extracted by forearm tissues in diabetic patients as well as in healthy control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of C-peptide on blood flow, capillary diffusion capacity and glucose utilization in the exercising forearm of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. 147 67

Transcutaneous oximetry has been used to define the level of amputation in arteritic patients, with discrepant results. We have studied preoperative statix oximetry in 33 arteritic patients at the Leriche-Fontaine Stage IV, who underwent 36 amputations (thighs = 6, Legs+Symes = 14, transmetatarsal = 7, toes = 9). Oximetry included the measurement, at the level of amputation, of the transcutaneous partial oxygen pressure (tc pO2), of the tissue oxygenation ratio (TOR), preferably with a precordial electrode, of the tc pO2 gain after oxygen inhalation and of the gain ratio with the reference electrode. Two patients died postoperatively, the amputation stump did not heal in another 8 patients. The tc pO2 value was 36.6 +/- 16.2 mm Hg in the healed group and 21.1 +/- 19.9 mm Hg in the non healed group. The TOR respectively was 71.2 +/- 32.7% and 38.6 +/- 29.9% in these two groups. These differences were statistically significant. The difference between the two groups in the measurements made after the oxygenation test was not statistically significant. With a tc pO2 threshold at 26 mm Hg, the sensitivity was 73% and the specificity 75%, the positive predictive value 90%, the negative predictive value 46% and the value of the test 73.5%. The thresholds calculated to be 56% for TOR, 11 mm Hg for the gain and 32% for the gain ratio, did not improve the performances of oximetry. In our study, the tc pO2 was the parameter that best allowed predicting healing was obtained with smaller values than the threshold. Other elements such as the general condition and diabetes have played a role in the prognosis.
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PMID:[Study of static transcutaneous oximetry before amputation in patients with arteritis]. 148 70

This report describes a case of epinephrine predominant pheochromocytoma successfully managed intraoperatively with an infusion of diltiazem. A 50-yr-old woman with a 10-yr history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital because of thirst and general fatigue. A cystic left adrenal tumor was found on computed tomographic scan. Although resting plasma catecholamine levels were normal, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels obtained from the left adrenal vein were 1.6 ng.ml-1 (normal, 0.04-0.35) and 6.2 ng.ml-1 (normal, less than 0.12), respectively. Diltiazem was administered i. v. at a rate of 3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 before induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with enflurane 2-3% and nitrous oxide in oxygen, followed by tracheal intubation facilitated with vecuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane 1-3% and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Paralysis was maintained with vecuronium. Hypertension during the manipulation of the tumor was controlled by increasing the inspired concentration of enflurane or by increasing the infusion rate of diltiazem to 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. There was no tachyarrhythmia. The infusion of diltiazem was continued until the draining vein from the tumor had been ligated. Hypotension, after removal of the tumor, was treated by the rapid infusion of fluid. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels during tumor manipulation were 1.18 ng.ml-1 and 6.57 ng.ml-1, respectively.
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PMID:[Use of diltiazem in the anesthetic management of epinephrine predominant pheochromocytoma]. 149 89

Nitric oxide is an important bioregulatory molecule, being responsible, for example, for activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Acute hypertension, diabetes, ischaemia and atherosclerosis are associated with abnormalities of EDRF. Nitric oxide is thought to be a retrograde messenger in the central nervous system. The technology is not yet available for rapid detection of NO released by a single cell in the presence of oxygen and/or nitrite, so the release, distribution and reactivity of endogenous NO in biological systems cannot be analysed. Here we describe a porphyrinic microsensor that we have developed and applied to monitoring NO release in a microsystem. We selectively measured in situ the NO released from a single cell with a response time of less than 10 ms. The microsensor consists of p-type semiconducting polymeric porphyrin and a cationic exchanger (Nafion) deposited on a thermally sharpened carbon fibre with a tip diameter of approximately 0.5 microns. The microsensor, which can be operated in either the amperometric or voltammetric mode, is characterized by a linear response up to 300 microM and a detection limit of 10 nM. Nitric oxide at the level of 10(-20) mols can be detected in a single cell.
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PMID:Nitric oxide release from a single cell measured in situ by a porphyrinic-based microsensor. 137 94

Cigarette smoking is the most preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Smoking has been associated with a two-to fourfold increased risk of coronary heart disease, a greater than 70% excess rate of death from coronary heart disease, and an elevated risk of sudden death. These risks are compounded in the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance, and diabetes, all of which exhibit a synergistic effect with smoking. The relationship between smoking and the risk of peripheral vascular disease has also been well documented. Smokers account for approximately 70% of patients with atherosclerosis obliterans and virtually all those with thromboangiitis obliterans. An association between smoking and cerebrovascular disease remains a matter of debate, although a higher risk of stoke and stroke-related mortality has been observed in smokers than in nonsmokers. Smoking has also been implicated in the development of cor pulmonale, but a direct association with congestive heart failure has not been established. Nicotine and carbon monoxide appear to play major roles in the cardiovascular effects of smoking. Both components adversely alter the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio and have been shown to produce endothelial injury, leading to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Adverse effects on the lipid profile have been noted as well, but the relationship between these changes and the risk of cardiovascular disease remains to be confirmed. Notably, smoking cessation results in a dramatic reduction in the risk of mortality from both coronary heart disease and stroke. In light of the fact that the incidence of smoking has declined primarily among educated sectors of the U.S. population, future efforts must focus on providing effective education, including smoking cessation techniques, to the less-educated groups.
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PMID:Smoking and cardiovascular disease. 149 5

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 1-year intensified diet and exercise education regimen on habitual physical activity and aerobic capacity in middle-aged, obese patients with newly-diagnosed Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In addition, we analysed whether the level and the changes in physical activity and aerobic capacity are related to the metabolic control of diabetes. After a 3-month basic education programme, 78 patients (45 men, 33 women) were randomly placed in an intervention or conventionally treated group. The intervention group received intensified diet education and continuous encouragement to increase physical activity which was monitored using exercise records and questionnaires. Aerobic capacity was assessed by measuring oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold and at peak exercise. The proportion of patients with regular recreational exercise increased from 24% to 38% in the intervention men (0.10 less than p less than 0.20), remained at 54% in the conventionally treated men, increased from 53% to 70% in the intervention women (0.10 less than p less than 0.20) and from 31% to 50% (0.10 less than p less than 0.20) in the conventionally treated women. No measurable improvement was found in oxygen uptake in any of the groups. When the groups were combined, HbA1c showed an inverse correlation with oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (r = 0.27, p less than 0.01) and maximum oxygen uptake (r = 0.28, p less than 0.01) at 12 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Habitual physical activity, aerobic capacity and metabolic control in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: effect of 1-year diet and exercise intervention. 151 62


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