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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To measure myocardial blood flow, Nitrogen-13 ammonia. Oxygen-15 water, Rubidium-82 and et al. are used. Each has merit and demerit. By measuring myocardial coronary flow reserve, the decrease of flow reserve during dipyridamole in patients with hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus without significant coronary stenosis was observed. The possibility of early detection of atherosclerosis was showed. As to myocardial metabolism, glucose metabolism is measured by Fluorine-18 fluorodexyglucose (FDG), and it is considered as useful for the evaluation of myocardial viability. We are using FDG to evaluate insulin resistance during insulin clamp in patients with diabetes mellitus by measuring glucose utilization rate of myocardium and skeletal muscle. FFA metabolism has been measured by 11C-palmitate, but absolute quantification has not been performed. Recently the method for absolute quantification was reported, and new radiopharmaceutical 18F-FTHA was reported. Oxygen metabolism has been estimated by 11C-acetate. Myocardial viability, cardiac efficiency was evaluated by oxygen metabolism. As to receptor or sympathetic nerve end, cardiac insufficiency or cardiac transplantation was evaluated. Imaging of positron emitting radiopharmaceutical by gamma camera has been performed. Collimator method is clinically useful for cardiac imaging of viability study.
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PMID:[The review of myocardial positron emission computed tomography and positron imaging by gamma camera]. 964 28

Ischemic myocardium avidly incorporates fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) in the fasting state, in contrast to the relative absence of F-18 FDG uptake in normal myocardium with sufficient blood flow in the fasting state. Although many studies have attempted to use F-18 FDG uptake to discriminate ischemic but viable myocardium from scarred myocardium, little is known clinically about the correlation between blood flow and F-18 FDG uptake in ischemic myocardium. We studied the critical level of blood flow that causes avid F-18 FDG uptake in myocardium in 9 patients. All patients had angiographically proven ischemic heart disease but no diabetes. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was measured quantitatively by positron emission tomography (PET) using nitrogen-13 ammonia in the resting state, in which the normal value was 80.2 +/- 13.0 ml/min/100 cm3. The F-18 FDG uptake in myocardium was assessed with the differential uptake ratio (DUR) scale. We constructed circumferential profiles of radioactivity uptake in myocardium for each study, and chose 780 sections of myocardium in which the relation between the two factors could be analyzed. In moderately ischemic to normal myocardium with RMBF of 50 to 90 ml/min/100 cm3, RMBF and F-18 FDG uptake were negatively correlated (r = -0.44, p < 0.01). When RMBF was 50 to 60 ml/min/100 cm3 (n = 121), the peak DUR value of F-18 FDG uptake was 4.0 +/- 2.0. The two factors were not correlated when RMBF was less than 50 ml/min/100 cm3 or 90 ml/min/100 cm3 or higher. Our results suggest that RMBF and F-18 FDG uptake values as measured with PET may provide valuable information on the possible benefit of intervention in ischemic heart disease.
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PMID:Correlation between myocardial blood flow and fasting glucose metabolism in ischemic heart disease. Quantitative assessment by nitrogen-13 ammonia and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. 971 Nov 79

Clinical and electrophysiological examinations have yielded visual pathway function abnormalities in both humans and animal models with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, subclinical involvement of the optic nerve has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we demonstrated the different impairments in retrograde axonal transport occurring in selective retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of Type I and II diabetic rats. Rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce Type I DM. The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats represented the Type II DM group. The STZ-induced (Type I) diabetic rats had low body weights and significant elevations in blood glucose levels compared with the age-matched control rats. On the contrary, the OLETF rats (Type II) had high body weights and significant elevations in blood glucose concentrations compared with the age-matched controls. Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into the bilateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Accumulation of FG in large and medium type RGCs in STZ-induced diabetic rats was significantly decreased compared with the controls. However, the accumulation of FG in RGCs of OLETF rats did not show a significant decrease compared with the controls. Our findings suggest that, within the time frame of study, retrograde axonal transport impairment of large and medium type RGCs in the STZ-induced (Type I DM) diabetic rats was greater than in the OLETF (Type II DM) diabetic rats. Impairment of retrograde axonal transport in Type I diabetes may precede or be a consequence of metabolic dysfunctions in the large and medium-sized RGCs eventually leading to optic nerve atrophy.
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PMID:Alterations in retrograde axonal transport in optic nerve of type I and type II diabetic rats. 1040 Dec 24

The radiolabeled glucose analogue F-18-Fluoro-Deoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) were used to measure glucose metabolism of the thyroid in vivo. We evaluated patients with autonomous goitre before therapy with radioiodine in comparison to patients with normal thyroids. 30 patients with autonomous goitre underwent scanning the day before radioiodine therapy. 19 patients with head or brain tumours and normal thyroids were the controls. Overall F-18-FDG uptake was determined for all thyroids and proved to be significantly higher in autonomy patients compared to controls and in disseminated autonomous goitre slightly but not significantly higher than in focal autonomy. In autonomy patients F-18-FDG uptake increased with increasing radioiodine uptake and shorter radioiodine half-life. These results indicate that glucose metabolism is enhanced in the thyroids of patients with focal and disseminated autonomy. The negative correlation of radioiodine half-life and glucose metabolism as well as the positive correlation of radioiodine uptake and glucose metabolism suggest connections of glucose metabolism and iodine-dependent hormone synthesis in thyroid cells.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000
PMID:Glucose metabolism of the thyroid in autonomous goiter measured by F-18-FDG-PE. 1092 15

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging for the assessment of myocardial viability has become an integral part of the diagnostic and prognostic work-up of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. To ensure good image quality, in particular in patients with diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamping has been proposed. In this study we evaluated the safety and the image quality of cardiac FDG imaging during clamping in a large group of patients, including a subgroup with diabetes mellitus. The incidence of viability (on both a segment and a patient basis) was also determined for patients with and without diabetes mellitus. The safety and image quality of cardiac FDG studies during clamping were evaluated in 131 patients, including 19 with diabetes mellitus. Image quality was assessed visually and quantitatively using heart-to-lung (H/L), heart-to-liver (H/Li) and myocardium-to-background (M/B) ratios. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and at the time of FDG injection to determine levels of glucose, free fatty acids and insulin. The metabolic circumstances were optimal for FDG imaging: high insulin levels, low free fatty acid levels and glucose levels in the normal range (levels of substrates were comparable between patients with and patients without diabetes mellitus). No serious side-effects occurred in any patient. Image quality (assessed visually) was good in all patients. The quantitative parameters of image quality (H/L, H/Li and M/B) were comparable between patients with and patients without diabetes mellitus. The incidence of viability was high: 38% of patients without and 58% of patients with diabetes mellitus had substantial viability despite contractile dysfunction. It is concluded that cardiac FDG imaging during clamping is safe and provides excellent image quality, including in patients with diabetes mellitus. The incidence of viability is high, in particular in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Feasibility, safety and image quality of cardiac FDG studies during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamping. 1191 81

The recently observed beneficial effects exerted by C-peptide in insulin-dependent diabetes patients (IDDM) have instigated research into the mechanisms of C-peptide action as well as the location for it. Here we report in vivo biodistribution studies performed in monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET) and C-peptide labeled in the N-terminal with fluorine-18. Following iv injection of the radiotracer, dynamic decay data were collected over the chest and/or abdomens of the monkeys. The radioactivity distributed mainly to the kidneys, less to the heart and to some extent to the liver. Excretion of radioactivity into the urinary bladder was observed. Brain uptake was not detected in a static emission scan of the head performed at late times. Accumulation of radioactivity in the skeleton as a result of in vivo defluorination was not observed. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the regional concentrations of radioactivity over time resulted, for most organs, in two-compartment models. The organs with the highest radioactivity concentrations have been identified, enabling dose estimations for studies in humans with low or no C-peptide.
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PMID:In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of (18)F-labeled human C-peptide: evaluation in monkeys using positron emission tomography. 1212 57

Obesity is a major risk factor associated with a variety of human disorders. While its involvement in disorders such as diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer have been well characterized, it remains to be determined if obesity has a detrimental effect on the nervous system. To address this issue we determined whether obesity serves as a risk factor for neurotoxicity. Model neurotoxicants, methamphetamine (METH) and kainic acid (KA), which are known to cause selective neurodegeneration of anatomically distinct areas of the brain, were evaluated using an animal model of obesity, the ob/ob mouse. Administration of METH and KA resulted in mortality among ob/ob mice but not among their lean littermates. While METH caused dopaminergic nerve terminal degeneration as indicated by decreased striatal dopamine (49%) and tyrosine hydroxylase protein (68%), as well as an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein by 313% in the lean mice, these effects were exacerbated under the obese condition (96%, 86% and 602%, respectively). Similarly, a dosage of KA that did not increase glial fibrillary acidic protein in lean mice increased the hippocampal content of this protein (93%) in ob/ob mice. KA treatment resulted in extensive neuronal degeneration as determined by Fluoro-Jade B staining, decreased hippocampal microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity and increased reactive gliosis in ob/ob mice. The neurotoxic outcome in ob/ob mice remained exacerbated even when lean and ob/ob mice were dosed with METH or KA based only on a lean body mass. Administration of METH or KA resulted in up-regulation of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 to a greater extent in the ob/ob mice, an effect known to reduce ATP yield and facilitate oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. These events may underlie the enhanced neurotoxicity seen in the obese mice. In summary, our results implicate obesity as a risk factor associated with chemical- and possibly disease-induced neurodegeneration.
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PMID:Obesity exacerbates chemically induced neurodegeneration. 1245 1

Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, enhances peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Because the synergic action of insulin and exercise has been shown to be decreased in insulin resistance, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on muscle insulin responsiveness at rest and during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, 45 patients with newly diagnosed or diet-treated type 2 diabetes were randomized for treatment with rosiglitazone (4 mg b.i.d.), metformin (1 g b.i.d.), or placebo in a 26-week double-blind trial. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake was measured using fluorine-18-labeled fluoro-deoxy-glucose and positron emission tomography (PET) during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and one-legged exercise before and after the treatment period. Rosiglitazone (P < 0.05) and metformin (P < 0.0001) treatment lowered the mean glycosylated hemoglobin. The skeletal muscle glucose uptake was increased by 38% (P < 0.01) and whole-body glucose uptake by 44% in the rosiglitazone group. Furthermore, the exercise-induced increment during insulin stimulation was enhanced by 99% (P < 0.0001). No changes were observed in skeletal muscle or whole-body insulin sensitivity in the metformin group. In conclusion, rosiglitazone but not metformin 1) improves insulin responsiveness in resting skeletal muscle and 2) doubles the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate during physical exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest that rosiglitazone improves synergic action of insulin and exercise.
Diabetes 2002 Dec
PMID:Rosiglitazone but not metformin enhances insulin- and exercise-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. 1245 3

N. Sativa L., an oriental spice, has long been used as a natural medicine for treatment of many acute as well as chronic conditions. It has been used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, and dermatological conditions. There has been very few studies on the effects of N. Sativa as cancer prevention/therapy. Our objective therefore, was to expose MCF-7 breast cancer cells to aqueous and alcohol extracts and in combination with H2O2 as an oxidative stressor. Measurement of cell survival under various concentrations and combinations was conducted using standard cell culture techniques, exposure protocols in 96 well plates and Fluoro-spectrosphotometry. Following cellular growth to 90% confluency, exposure to water (WE) and ethanol (AE) extracts of N. sativa and H2O2 was performed. Toxicity index (LC50) was calculated from percent survival using regression analysis. Results showed that the alcohol extract and its combinations were able to completely inactivate the MCF-7 cells (LC50 ranged from 377.16-573.79 in descending potency for H2O2 + AE, AE and Mix of WE and AE). H2O2 alone effectively inactivated MCF-7 cells (LC50 = 460.94). The least effective combinations in descending potency were WE + H2O2, WE + AE + H2O2, and WE (LC50 were 725.79, 765.94, and 940.5 respectively. Combinations other than AE + H2O2 showed possible interactions, which lead to reduction in their potency. In conclusion, N. Sativa alone or in combination with oxidative stress were found to be effective in vitro in inactivating MCF-7 breast cancer cells, unveiling opportunities for promising results in the field of prevention and treatment of cancer.
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PMID:Effect of Nigella sativa (N. sativa L.) and oxidative stress on the survival pattern of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. 1272 20

Metabolomic mapping is an emerging discipline geared at providing information on a large number of metabolites as a complement to genomics and proteomics. Here we have probed ascorbic acid homeostasis and degradation in diabetes using 6-deoxy-6-fluoro ascorbic acid (F-ASA) and 750 MHz (19)F-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with proton decoupling In vitro, Cu(2+)-mediated degradation of F-ASA revealed the formation of 4 major stable degradation products at 24 hours. However, when normal or diabetics rats were injected with F-ASA intraperitoneally (IP) for 4 days, up to 20 fluorine-labeled compounds were observed in the urine. Their composition resembled, in part, metal catalyzed degradation of F-ASA and was not explained by spontaneous degradation in the urine. Diabetes led to a dramatic increase in urinary F-ASA loss and a relative decrease in most other urinary F-compounds. Diabetes tilted F-ASA homeostasis toward oxidation in liver (P <.01), kidney (P <.01), spleen (P <.01), and plasma (P <.01), but tended to decrease oxidation in brain, adrenal glands, and heart. Surprisingly, however, besides the major oxidation product fluoro-dehydroascorbic acid (F-DHA), no F-ASA advanced catabolites were detected in tissues at 5 micromol/L sensitivity. These findings not only confirm the key role of the kidney in diabetes-mediated loss of ascorbic acid, but demonstrate that only selected tissues are prone to increased oxidation in diabetes. While the structure of most degradation products needs to be established, the method illustrates the power of high resolution (19)F-NMR spectroscopy for the mapping of complex metabolomic pathways in disease states.
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PMID:Vitamin C metabolomic mapping in experimental diabetes with 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-ascorbic acid and high resolution 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 1280 Jan 4


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