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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Test meals with 25 g protein in the form of cottage cheese or egg white were given with or without 50 g glucose to male subjects with mild to moderately severe, untreated, type II diabetes. Water was given as a control meal. The glucose, insulin, C-peptide, alpha amino nitrogen (AAN), glucagon, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and triglyceride area responses were determined using the water meal as a baseline. The glucose area responses following ingestion of cottage cheese or egg white were very small compared with those of the glucose meal, and were not significantly different from one another. The serum insulin area response was 3.6-fold greater following ingestion of cottage cheese compared with egg white (309 v 86 pmol/L.h). The simultaneous ingestion of glucose with cottage cheese or egg white protein decreased the glucose area response to glucose by 11% and 20%, respectively. When either protein was ingested with glucose, the insulin area response was greater than the sum of the individual responses, indicating a synergistic effect (glucose alone, 732 pmol/L.h; glucose with cottage cheese, 1,637 pmol/L.h; glucose with egg white, 1,213 pmol/L.h). The C-peptide area response was similar to the insulin area response. The AAN area response was approximately twofold greater following ingestion of cottage cheese compared with egg white. Following ingestion of glucose, it was negative. When protein was ingested with glucose, the AAN area responses were additive. The glucagon area response was similar following ingestion of cottage cheese or egg white protein. Following glucose ingestion, the glucagon area response was negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Metabolic response to cottage cheese or egg white protein, with or without glucose, in type II diabetic subjects. 140 1

Increased knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes has focused great interest on the possibilities of preventing the disease. Type 1 diabetes is considered to be a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by gradual beta-cell destruction mediated by autoreactive T-lymphocytes during an asymptomatic prediabetic phase of varying duration. Both experimental and epidemiologic data indicate that nutritional cow milk exposure early in life may play a critical role in the initiation of beta-cell destruction. Accordingly a primary prevention study has been planned to test the hypothesis that dietary elimination of cow milk proteins over the first 9 months of life will decrease the subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in high risk infants. The possibility of identifying prediabetic individuals before decisive loss of beta-cell function by various islet cell-specific autoantibodies enables measures of secondary prevention in the prediabetic phase. There are indications from experimental and human studies that nicotinamide, a water-soluble group B vitamin, may be effective in preventing or delaying the presentation of diabetes. A European multicentre study will be initiated in the near future to explore whether oral nicotinamide can prevent or delay the clinical manifestation of Type 1 diabetes in high risk first degree relatives of diabetic children. We have to wait for the results of these intervention studies for years, and similarly other prevention strategies have to be tested in large-scale long-lasting clinical trials. Nevertheless, prevention of childhood diabetes may become a reality in the next century.
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PMID:[Can type-1 diabetes in children be prevented?]. 140 25

The paper presents time course changes registered in glycohomeostasis of patients suffering from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) as a result of a single or course intake of acidulous chloride hydrocarbonate sodium mineral waters. The treatment promoted immediate or delayed improvement in glycemia and insulinemia control, correction of imbalance of hormonal glycohomeostasis regulators (insulin, glucagon), enhancement of gastrinemia. The insulinotrophic effect varied with mineralization of the water, concentrations of bicarbonate and sodium ions. Water regimens were specified for NIDDM patients.
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PMID:[The dynamics of glucose homeostasis in non-insulin-dependent diabetics under the influence of mineral water intake]. 141 2

Glomerular hyperfiltration is thought to play an important role in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy. While hyperfiltration is well documented in early type I diabetes, the evidence for hyperfiltration in type II diabetes is conflicting. We investigated 16 nonproteinuric patients with recently diagnosed type II diabetes. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were measured as inulin clearance (CIN) and p-aminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH) using a constant infusion technique. Lean body mass was measured by densitometry (weighing under water). Renal hemodynamics were also measured in 31 healthy volunteers and six obese nondiabetic individuals. Median GFR in diabetics (133 mL/min/1.73 m2; range, 95 to 165) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in obese nondiabetic controls (median, 118; range, 95 to 139). Elevated GFR (ie, > 95th percentile of nonobese healthy controls) was found in 44% of patients. When GFR was factored for lean body mass, it was elevated in 50%. GFR did not correlate with fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), insulin-like growth factors, IGF-1 and IGF-2, or somatomedin-binding protein (SMBP). The findings document that hyperfiltration is common in recent-onset type II diabetics.
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PMID:Renal hemodynamics in recent-onset type II diabetes. 141 1

The relationship between postprandial blood glucose levels and meal viscosity was studied by adding various combinations of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose to glucose solutions and administering them to female mongrel dogs. Glucose was administered as 5% or 20% solutions in water. Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose was dissolved in the glucose solutions to yield low (5000 cP measured at 37 degrees C and 1 s-1), medium (15,000 cP) or high (30,000 cP) viscosities. High viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose significantly reduced the maximum blood glucose concentration, Cmax, by 60% (5% glucose meal) and 40% (20% glucose meal) while reducing the area under the blood level vs. time curve (AUC0-3 h) by 40-50%. Medium viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose reduced the Cmax at both glucose levels, but reduced the AUC only for the 5% glucose meal. Low viscosity HPMC lowered the Cmax only after the 5% glucose meal, and had no significant effect on the AUC at either glucose level. The average time to reach maximum concentration, Tmax, was prolonged two- to three-fold at all viscosity levels for the 5% glucose solutions, but was not affected when 20% glucose solutions were administered. It was concluded that hydroxypropylmethylcellulose can effectively retard the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, and that the extent of this effect is related to the viscosity of the solution administered.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992 Aug
PMID:Viscosity modulates blood glucose response to nutrient solutions in dogs. 142 51

Water-soluble crystallins were obtained from clear human lenses of different age (4-81-year-olds) and lenses of individuals showing senile or diabetic cataracts. Levels of early glycation products were high in the high molecular weight material (HM) and the alpha-crystallin fractions, compared with beta- and gamma-crystallins. This difference becomes more prominent upon aging. The content of total early glycation products in HM and alpha-crystallin increases clearly with age, whereas levels remain relatively constant in the beta- and gamma-crystallins. There is an elevation of early products in cataractous lenses from diabetic individuals compared with those suffering from senile cataract. Specific non-tryptophan fluorescence (excitation/emission wavelengths 370/440 nm), used as an indicator for late glycation products, increased dramatically with age and was 2-fold higher in the diabetic subjects. Levels of fluorescence decreased in the order HM > alpha- > beta- > gamma-crystallins. The results suggest an increase in glycation rate in alpha-crystallin as a result of aging and diabetes, while the rate of glycation of beta- and gamma-crystallins remains almost constant.
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PMID:Glycation of crystallins in lenses from aging and diabetic individuals. 145 95

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors decrease albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. To study the change in albuminuria in relation to changes in systemic and renal hemodynamics, nine normotensive patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and persistent proteinuria were given a single oral dose of 25 mg of the ACE inhibitor captopril. Blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and albumin excretion rate (AER) were measured in two periods of 40 minutes before and in four periods of 40 minutes after administration of captopril. A constant water diuresis was maintained. Blood pressure did not decrease significantly (130/79 +/- 4/3 v 124/74 +/- 4/3 mm Hg; mean +/- SEM), median AER decreased from 403 (interquartile range [IQR], 812) micrograms/min to 333 (707) micrograms/min (P < 0.01). GFR did not change (123 +/- 13 v 117 +/- 14 mL/min), but ERPF increased significantly from 609 +/- 56 to 714 +/- 55 mL/min (P < 0.01). Consequently, the filtration fraction (FF; quotient of GFR and ERPF) decreased from 0.20 +/- 0.014 to 0.17 +/- 0.014 (P < 0.01). A strong correlation was found between the decrease of AER and the decrease of FF (rs = 0.75; P < 0.02). No correlation was found between the decrease in AER and changes in GFR or blood pressure. In the normotensive patient with diabetic nephropathy, captopril causes an acute reduction of AER, which is probably mediated by a lowering of the intraglomerular pressure.
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PMID:Captopril acutely lowers albuminuria in normotensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. 146 82

Traditionally, creatinine clearance is used as an estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because of its relative ease and low cost. Errors in collection limit its usefulness. Estimation of GFR using 99mTc diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (Tc-DTPA) by direct scintigraphic determination of fractional radionuclide accumulation within each kidney does not require blood or urine sampling, takes 10 to 15 minutes to perform, and has been reported to give a GFR that correlates with 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance (CC) in hospitalized patients (r = 0.95). To assess its usefulness in the outpatient diabetic with nephropathy, 24 patients with type I diabetes underwent 56 iothalamate clearances during water diuresis and 56 simultaneous Tc-DTPA GFR estimations. GFR was also estimated from 24-hour urinary CC, 100/creatinine, and by the formula of Cockcroft and Gault. Tc-DTPA GFR estimation by direct renal scanning correlated relatively poorly with iothalamate GFR (r = 0.74) in this patient population when all levels of iothalamate GFR were compared (n = 56), but improved (r = 0.80) when iothalamate GFR values greater than or equal to 120 mL/min were excluded from analysis (n = 45). Given all levels of iothalamate GFR, the best correlation was obtained with the estimation using the equation of Cockcroft and Gault (r = 0.86).
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PMID:Renal scanning 99mTc diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination compared with iothalamate clearance GFR in diabetics. The Collaborative Study Group for The study of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Diabetic Nephropathy. 146 84

The concentration of brain catecholamines were measured and compared in the experimentally made hyperosmolar diabetic, diabetic and normal control rats in order to clarify the metabolic changes of the brain in these states. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin and hyperosmolarity was achieved through deprivation of water for 50 hours prior to experimentation. Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured in the left cerebral cortex, hypothalamic-thalamic area, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly elevated in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamic-thalamic area and cerebellum of the dehydrated hyperosmolar-diabetic rats relative to those of normal controls (p < 0.01-0.05). In diabetes with high blood sugar level, the norepinephrine concentration was significantly elevated in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata, and these changes generally paralleled the increase in fasting blood glucose. It was concluded that hyperosmolarity due to dehydration contributed these changes. The findings of this study further suggest that changes in brain catecholamines may be involved in the nervous system disturbances that occur in the dehydrated hyperosmolar-diabetes and severe diabetes.
Diabetes Res 1992 Jan
PMID:Brain catecholamine concentrations in hyperosmolar diabetic and diabetic rats. 146 82

Regional 125I-albumin permeation and glomerular structural changes were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats with diabetes and/or hypertension. All rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy 2 weeks after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. At the same time, one-half of the nondiabetic and diabetic animals were placed on 1% saline drinking water and given weekly intramuscular injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate to induce hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mm Hg). Vascular permeability studies were performed after 1 and 3 months of hypertension. Hypertension, alone or in combination with diabetes, had no effect on weight gain, plasma glucose, or food consumption, but did increase 24-h urine volume in nondiabetics. In normotensive diabetics and in nondiabetic hypertensive rats, vascular 125I-albumin permeation was increased in eyes, aorta, and new granulation tissue (formed in a subcutaneous fabric implant), and glomerular basement membranes were thickened without any change in the fractional volume of the glomerulus occupied by mesangium. Urinary albumin and IgG excretion in nondiabetic hypertensive rats was increased much more than in normotensive diabetics. Hypertension and diabetes were additive in their effects on 125I-albumin permeation in eyes, aorta, and granulation tissue, and on glomerular basement membrane thickening, but were synergistic in their effects on urinary albumin excretion and mesangial fractional volume. The magnitude of the increase in vascular albumin permeation and urinary albumin and IgG excretion between and 1 and 3 months was much larger in diabetic hypertensive rats than in rats with hypertension or diabetes alone. Neither diabetes nor hypertension, alone or in combination, had any effect on albumin permeation in skeletal muscle, skin, heart, or brain. These findings demonstrate that hypertension and diabetes increase vascular albumin permeation in rats preferentially in tissues that correspond to sites of clinically significant vascular disease in human diabetics. They also attest to an important interaction between blood pressure-induced and diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability in these tissues and in structural changes in the glomerular vasculature.
J Diabetes Complications
PMID:Interactions between hypertension and diabetes on vascular function and structure in rats. 147 45


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