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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Groups of C57 Bl/6j mice (alcohol preferring) and DBA/2j mice (alcohol avoiding) were fasted for 24 hours and administered glucose. At 30, 120 and 300 minutes after glucose, the C57 Bl/6j mice had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose than the DBA/2j strain. These differences were observed in comparable groups given either forced access or no access to alcohol. In ad lib fed animals never exposed to alcohol, C57 Bl/6j mice had higher levels of plasma insulin than DBA/2j mice. Plasma levels of glucose and corticosterone were not significantly different in ad lib or fasted animals. The injection of insulin zinc protamine to DBA/2j mice produced 100% convulsions within one hour, but produced to convulsions in C57 Bl/6j mice for as long as 4 hours after administration. These data demonstrate that an insulin resistancy exists in C57 Bl/6j mice which is not dependent upon any prior alcohol experience. Evidence supporting a functional relationship between this diabetogenic disturbance and alcohol preference was obtained in C57 Bl/6j mice which were allowed to choose between water or a 10% alcohol solution (v/v). Insulin zinc protamine produced a selective dose-dependent reduction in alcohol intake. Additional support is received from the discovery that Chinese hamsters, a species genetically predisposed to diabetes, display an impressive preference for 10% alcohol.
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PMID:Endocrine factors contributing to the ethanol preferences of rodents. 57 51

In fed, unanesthetized rabbits, regular zinc insulin, 50 U./kg. intravenously, decreased plasma glucose levels 52 per cent, p = 0.002, 35 minutes after injection. In 15-hour-fasted, unanesthetized animals, the same dose of insulin decreased plasma glucose levels 68 per cent, p less than 0.001. Plasma K+ concentration was not affected by insulin injection in the fed animals; in fasted rabbits, plasma K+ levels fell 26 per cent, p = 0.006. Despite this unequivocal evidence of insulin action in both sets of animals, there was no change in the K+, Na+, or H2O content in the brains of the same animals 35 minutes after insulin injection. These results, which give no evidence of a direct effect of insulin on electrolyte transport in brain, are in sharp contrast with those found in anesthetized rabbits, which suggested that insulin affects brain potassium and water content before any change in plasma glucose occurs.
Diabetes 1977 Dec
PMID:Insulin and brain metabolism. Absence of direct action of insulin on K+ and Na+ transport in normal rabbit brain. 59 Jun 36

Twenty children with diabetes inspidus, 19 children and adolescents and one baby of 2 months, were treated with DDAVP. The drug was very effective, the average urine volume being 1.7 L/24 hours. The control of the diuresis in the baby was very satisfactory. There were no secondary effects and the only episode of water intoxication occurred in a girl with corticosteroid deficiency which was not well controlled. The effects of this drug are discussed in the light of the biochemistry and pharmacology and the activity compared with that of Lysine vasopressin (LVP). Plasma levels of DDAVP and LVP showed that DDAVP persists for longer which may explain its greater potency and duration of action.
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PMID:[Treatment of ADP responsive diabetes insipidus in children with DDAVP (1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin)]. 61 Jun 62

When acute (four-hour) hyponatremia with clinical signs of water intoxication was produced in normal weanling mice by the use of hypotonic glucose or deionized water, there was a two-to-fourfold increase in plasma glucose concentration. Concomitantly, concentrations of plasma insulin fell 63 to 68 per cent, whereas plasma glucagon increased to 262 per cent of control. The findings are compatible with stress-induced catecholamine release.
Diabetes 1978 Jan
PMID:Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia in acute water intoxication. 62 Aug 82

A preparation of blood capillaries was isolated from the rete mirabile of the eel swin bladder. The capillaries, incubated for two hours at 37 degrees C. in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 5 mM glucose, contained 29.3 +/- 4.6 nmoles of sorbitol per gram and released in the medium 725 +/- 60 nmoles of fructose per gram. When glucose in the medium was raised from 5 to 30 mM, capillary sorbitol and medium fructose rose by approximately 100 per cent. There were no accompanying changes in capillary water content as determined by the ratio of wet weight to dry weight and by the difference between water-3H space and inulin-14C space. Respiration of capillary tissue was lower at 30 mM glucose than at 5 mM glucose. The addition of 30 mM mannitol to a medium containing 30 mM glucose did not restore the oxygen uptake by capillary tissue to values obtained with a medium containing 5 mM glucose alone. It is concluded that the polyol pathway is operative in vertebrate blood capillaries. At high medium glucose concentration, the activity of the pathway is enhanced, respiration is depressed, and water content is unchanged
Diabetes 1978 Feb
PMID:Glucose-induced alterations of the metabolism of an isolated capillary preparation. 62 39

1. The effects of streptozotocin-diabetes on the local and general responses to a 4 h period of bilateral hind-limb ischaemia in the rat have been investigated. The rats were injured 48 h after the intravenous injection of the streptozotocin. 2. Less fluid was lost from the circulation into the injured limbs after injury in the diabetic rats and this was directly related to the severity of the diabetes, but could not be explained by dehydration. However, when the diabetic and nondiabetic injured rats were considered together there was significant negative correlation between either plasma osmolality or plasma glucose concentration and water content in the injured hind limb. 3. The relationship between plasma glucose concentration and plasma osmolality was changed by injury such that, particularly in the injured diabetic rats, plasma osmolality at a given glucose concentration was higher than that predicted from the relationship betweeen these variables in the uninjured rat.
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PMID:Effect of streptozotocin-diabetes on the local and general responses to injury in the rat. 63 75

As judged from both paper and column chromatography, slices or homogenates of liver from rats fasted for 48 h displayed a lesser rate of generation of (125)I-labeled 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) from (125)I-labeled thyroxine (T(4)) added to incubation media than did preparations from normal chow-fed animals. A similar defect in the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in the livers of fasted animals was observed when preparations were incubated with substrate concentrations of T(4) so that T(3) generation could be assessed by radioimmunoassay. The effect of fasting could be prevented, wholly or in part, by administration of glucose in the drinking water to otherwise fasted animals, and the degree of prevention appeared to be proportional to the concentration of glucose employed. Diminished generation of T(3) from T(4) was similarly evident in the livers of animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and this defect was overcome by the provision of insulin in vivo, but not in vitro. Decreased formation of T(3) from T(4) was also observed in preparations of liver from animals given dexamethasone, amiodarone, and propylthiouracil. In no case could these effects on the net formation of T(3) from T(4) be explained by effects of the experimental conditions on the degradation of the T(3) generated, as judged from the rate of degradation of exogenous (125)I-T(3) measured in parallel incubates. An analysis of the rate of disappearance of (125)I-T(4) from reaction mixtures in relation to the rate of appearance of (125)I-T(3) and (125)I-iodide was employed to estimate the activity of the 5-monodeiodinating pathway of T(4) metabolism that leads to the formation of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T(3)). Such estimates indicated that reverse T(3) formation was actively proceeding in the preparations studied, was slightly enhanced by fasting, was unaffected by dexamethasone and amiodarone, and was markedly inhibited by propylthiouracil. In view of the similarities between the effect of these experimental manipulations on the generation of T(3) from T(4) by rat liver in vitro to their effects on the production rates and serum concentrations of T(3) in man, it is concluded that the rat liver system provides a suitable model for the study of factors that influence the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in man. In addition, the findings strongly indicate that this process, at least in the liver, is closely linked to the utilization of carbohydrate.
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PMID:The influence of fasting, diabetes, and several pharmacological agents on the pathways of thyroxine metabolism in rat liver. 67 Apr 1

Administration of phentholamine or obsidan to rats for 3 weeks sharply diminished the diabetogenic action of alloxan. The insular tissue of the pancreas became less affected, and the percentage of animals with signs of diabetes (polyuria, glucosuria, and hyperglycemia) decreased. Hyperglycemia (averaging 276 and 286 mg%) was revealed in the majority of the animals given alloxan and adrenoblockers. Phentholamine sharply suppressed the development of polyuria in rats with intact pancreas following water load, but obsidan produced no such effect. The mechanism of action of adrenoblockers used on polyuria and glucosuria in animals given alloxan is suggested on the basis of experiments with water load.
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PMID:[Effect of prolonged administration of the adrenergic blockaders, fentolamin and obsidan, on the course of alloxan diabetes in rats]. 70 60

The effect of cutaneous traumatization with heat in connection with intravenous injection of Evans blue was studied in short-term alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of traumatization was dependent on the degree of traumatization. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls. The water content of traumatized and non-traumatized skin was determined. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls with regard to the increase in water content of traumatized skin. Histological and histochemical studies on the effect of surgical cutaneous traumatization did not reveal any differences between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The results are compared with earlier observations in alloxan diabetic animals with and without ketosis and in long-term diabetes.
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PMID:Early cutaneous reactions to local traumatization with heat in alloxan diabetic rats. 70 69

Despite frequently good early successes the several therapeutic methods of obesity show in general unsatisfactory long-term results with large numbers of recidivations. Considering non-existing causal-therapeutic possibilities in the present paper in reported on a complex and differentiated therapeutic programme in 549 obese persons. After an initial subtotal fasting cure of ca. 100 kcal/a day with gradual increase of diet in more than half the obese persons an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy was performed. The indications resulted above all from the frequent syntropy with diabetes mellitus (28%), arterial hypertension (23%) and hyperlipidaemia (14%). In 122 test persons (adipose patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and extremely obese patients without essential factors of risk, respectively) a treatment with 2 x 50 microgram tri-iodothyronine--partly in combination with diuretics--was performed in intermittent and gradually decreasing dosage. Apart from a vast normalisation of the lipid parameters a reduction of weight from 32.6 +/- 14.8 kg could be achieved after 31 +/- 14 months. Of 131 adipose hypertensive patients 74 received additionally diuretics on account of increased water retention with also good long-term results concerning the reduction of weight and normalisation of blood pressure. The biguanides were a therapeutic enrichment particularly in the treatment of adipose elderly diabetics with obligatory diet. Apart from an improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance regularly a more intensive reduction of weight was obtained.
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PMID:[Indications and results of an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy of obesity]. 73 44


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