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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The isolated rat liver perfused for 12 hours at pH 7.10 with a suspension of bovine erythrocytes in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 3 per cent bovine serum albumin has been used as a test system to study effects of glucagon and of dexamethasone in the presence and absence of insulin on net biosynthesis of rat serum albumin, fibrinogen, alpah1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-(acute phase) globulin, and haptoglobin. Quantitative measurement of perfusate glucose, amino acid nitrogen, and urea affords a basis for determining net glucose and nitrogen balance in the perfusion system. Although the dose of dexamethasone (total 1.0 mug.) used was insufficient to induce synthesis of alpha2-acute phase globulin, net syntheses of albumin, fibrogen, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin were increased. Glucagon given with dexamethasone depressed albumin and haptoglobin synthesis markedly, but not that of fibrinogen and alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Glucagon with dexamethasone markedly enhanced ureogenesis and glycogenolysis and elicited an exaggerated negative nitrogen balance. The unfavorable effects of glucagon on albumin and haptoglobin synthesis and on nitrogen balance were reversed by giving insulin simultaneously. It is emphasized that insulin is essential for positive nitrogen balance.
Diabetes 1976
PMID:Direct effects of glucagon on protein and amino acid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. Interactions with insulin and dexamethasone in net synthesis of albumin and acute-phase proteins. 6 Nov 40

The ability of insulin to inhibit efflux of potassium (K) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) from perfused livers of normal and insulin deficient rats was studied. Two groups of rats with different degrees of insulin deficiency were produced by injecting varying amounts of streptozotocin. One group, classified as being moderately diabetic (MD), had fasting plasma glucose levels between 235--425 mg%, while the other group, whose plasma glucose levels greater than 425 mg%, were considered to have severe diabetes (SD). Two other groups of rats were food restricted in order to attain body weights comparable to the two groups of diabetic rats, and livers from these animals were used for control perfusions. The results indicated that the ability of insulin to suppress efflux of K and AAN from perfused livers of rats with MD was comparable to that seen in control perfusions. On the other hand, insulin could not suppress the efflux of either K or AAN from perfused livers of rats with SD. These results indicate that normal hepatic responsiveness to insulin can be lost secondary to the production of insulin deficiency.
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PMID:Insulin responsiveness of isolated perfused livers from rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. 14 26

In alloxan-diabetic rats the protein level in the secomucoid and the levels of neutral sugars and peptides in the serum and urinary non-diffusible sugar-peptide (serum and urinary NSP) fractions increased. The proportion of neutral sugars in seromucoid and serum NSP fraction decreased, while in the urinary NSP fraction this ratio increased. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats the ratio of neutral sugars to the peptides did not change in either fraction, while the ratio of these sugars to the total nitrogen in the serum and urinary NSP fractions increased. The total level of seromucoid as well as the levels of neutral sugars in the serum and urinary NSP fraction were raised in these rats. The comparison of the results with those obtained previously by Sarnecka-Keller et al. (1968, 1972, 1972 a) in natural diabetes showed that the alloxan-diabetic model is more suitable for the study of glycopeptide compound metabolism in this disease.
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PMID:The influence of experimental diabetes on the serum and urinary glycopeptide compounds in rats. 16 75

The anti-hypertensive effect of 250 mg tienilic acid was comparable to that of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, tienilic acid caused a statistically significant decrease in the serum uric acid values. Clinically non-significant rises in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine occurred with both diuretics. The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid given in a daily dose of 125 mg was significantly greater than that of 500 mg probenecid. Glucose tolerance in patients with mild maturity onset diabetes mellitus deteriorated with both tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide treatments with no statistically significant difference noted between the two treatments. Tienilic acid was well tolerated and no clinically significant haematological or biochemical abnormalities were noted.
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PMID:The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid: experience in patients with hyperuricaemia. 38

In normal man, the fasting state is characterized by release of alanine and glutamine from muscle and in situ muscle catabolism of branched chain amino acids (lecucine, isoleucine, and valine). The alanine released by muscle is utilized by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Muscle nitrogen repletion occurs during protein feeding primarily by means of selective hepatic escape and muscle uptake of branched chain amino acids in ingested protein. In the diabetic, amino acid catabolism is exaggerated in the fasting state as reflected by increased uptake of alanine by the liver for gluconeogenesis and accelerated branched chain amino acid catabolism in muscle. After protein feeding, uptake of branched chain amino acids by muscle is reduced and these amino acids accumulate in increased amounts in arterial blood. Protein feeding also exaggerates the hyperglycemia of diabetes by causing an increase in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes is thus characterized by accelerated protein catabolism during fasting as well as diminished nitrogen repletion and hyperglycemia after protein feeding. The hyperketonemia of diabetes may however, have a restraining influence on protein catabolism thereby reducing alanine availability for gluconeogenesis.
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PMID:Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. 40 71

The effects of the treatment with Crinofizin, a pineal peptide extract, on certain parameters of the protein metabolism, altered in rat by prolonged deficiency of endogenous insulin (study on animals with streptozotocinic diabetes) or by administration of large doses of cortisone, were studied. The results demonstrated the anabolic effects of the pineal extract treatment which improved the diabetic syndrome and counteracted some catabolic effects subsequent to insulin deficiency, such as weight loss and decrease in the nucleic acid concentration in the liver, or to cortisone excess, such as nitrogen loss. The data obtained open new prospects for the use of Crinofizin in the management of degenerative endocrine diseases through anabolizing hormones failure or catabolizing hormones excess.
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PMID:Effects of crinofizin administration in experimental diseases with protein anabolism disorders. Studies in the rat. 50 57

Amino acid tolerance tests were performed before and after jejunoileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity to determine whether an enteric factor(s) originating in the bypassed jejunum and/or ileum potentiates the insulin response to oral nitrogen loading. Preoperatively a 30-gm. mixture of amino acids given orally evoked a larger peak insulin than an intravenous load yielding comparable plasma amino acid elevations (82 +/- 17 muU./ml versus 38 +/- 8 muU./ml., p less than 0.05). Four months after operation, basal insulin concentrations were 46 per cent (p less than 0.001) of preoperative values. After surgery the response to intravenous amino acids was preserved when expressed as percentage increase above basal. In contrast, the peak increment and the percentage increase in insulin secretion after 30-gm. oral amino acid loading was significantly blunted (p less than 0.005). A smaller amino acid load (16.5 gm.) was given preoperatively to duplicate the plasma amino acid elevations seen postoperatively with the 30-gm. mixture given by mouth. The insulin response postoperatively was still significantly lower (167 +/- 33 per cent versus 98 +/- 16 per cent, p less than 0.05). After various explanations for the diminished postoperative insulin release following oral amino acid ingestion are considered, the results are best explained by the loss of an enteric insulinotrophic factor(s) normally released by the bypassed portions of jejunum or ileum in response to ingested protein.
Diabetes 1978 Feb
PMID:Loss of insulin response to ingested amino acids after jejunoileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity. 62 43

Ancient Peruvian hair has been excavated from a series of archaeological sites on the Peruvian coast. After careful cleaning, examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed most of the samples to be in a state of preservation comparable to modern hair. No evidence of pathological conditions was observed. Trace metal composition was determined by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry and nitrogen by Kjeldahl analysis, producing the following results: (1) nitrogen is lost with time, while all other tested minerals except zinc and copper showed irregular increases; (2) relatively high chromium levels may indicate that diabetes was not present in the samples; and (3) no consistent trend in the ratio of calcium to strontium was found through time and across corresponding dietary shifts.
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PMID:Mineral analysis of ancient Peruvian hair. 63 29

Glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, serum insulin, and HGH were studied in preterm infants during the first 24 hours of life. Glucose infusion (1.25 gm.) resulted in a slight elevation of serum insulin. When this amount of glucose was infused during the last 30 minutes of a two-and-a-half-hour infusion of a mixture of essential amino acids, there was a rapid and striking increase in serum insulin. However, this increase was not associated with a faster glucose disposal rate. The administration of this mixture of amino acids doubled the basal level of alpha-amino nitrogen, and during the first two hours, before glucose infusion, it caused a significant rise of serum insulin and HGH. In both cases glucose caused an increase of HGH secretion that was not significantly different in the two groups of infants.
Diabetes 1978 Mar
PMID:Effect of priming of amino acids on insulin and growth hormone response in the premature infant. 64 Feb 39

Urinary urea nitrogen-total nitrogen ratio (UN/TN) was measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 12 normal women and in 10 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the results were related to protein ingestion estimated by dietary history. While urea and nitrogen correlated significantly with each other in both normal and diabetic subjects, the relationship between UN/TN and protein intake was quite different in the two groups. Nondiabetic patients exhibited generally close correlation between UN/TN and protein intake with statistically significant correlation coefficients (r = 0.74-0.99) in 11 of 12 subjects. In none of the 10 diabetic patients, however, was significant correlation found. While the reliability of the index in diabetic patients tended to improve as hyperglycemia lessened, even under conditions considered clinically to indicate excellent metabolic control (mean plasma glucose less than or equal to 125 mg/dl), UN/TN still did not correlate significantly with protein intake. These observations suggest that the unstable carbohydrate metabolism characteristic of diabetes mellitus may be responsible for altered protein retention during pregnancy. From a clinical point of view, the utility of urinary urea studies as a simple and objective index of protein intake in the normal pregnant women does not apply in the diabetic patients.
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PMID:Urinary urea-nitrogen ratio as an index of protein nutrition in diabetic pregnancy. 65 6


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