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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon levels observed in diabetes mellitus appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, and can be related to the severity of insulinopenia with its attendant metabolic sequelae. Similarly, disturbances in plasma concentrations of catecholamines in diabetes also appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, although a primary disturbance in adrenergic function or receptors at the cellular level cannot be excluded. As "inappropriate" compensatory responses, these hormones may aggravate the diabetic syndrome, but their dysfunction is not the cause of diabetes and cannot be used to identify prediabetes. To date, the primary hormonal disturbance in insulin-dependent diabetes remains defective insulin secretion.
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PMID:The contribution of hyperglycemic hormones to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. 91 Jul 69

The level of the radioimmunological growth hormone, free fatty acids and sugar was determined in the blood on fasting stomach and after the intravenous injection of insulin in 45 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, insulin-resistant and sensitive, with consideration to body weight. Patients requiring for compensation of diabetes mellitus 100 units and more of insulin per day were referred to the group of resistant cases. A significantly greater growth hormone content on fasting stomach 60 and 120 min after the administration of insulin was found in the sensitive patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal weight, in comparison with the group of healthy individuals; the content was also higher on fasting stomach and in 60 minutes in comparison with the group of sensitive diabetics with excessive weight. A conclusion was drawn on the significance in the resistance formation of prolonged and stable decompensation. A reduction of compensatory possibilities of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system in response to the insulin deficiency in diabetic patients resistant to insulin is supposed. Adiposity characterized by reduction of the insulin sensitivity increased the requirements to the regulating system and led to reduction of the compensatory reaction at the stage of less severe sensitive diabetes. No participation of free fatty acids in the resistance formation was revealed.
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PMID:[The pathogenesis of the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. 93 91

Thirty-nine children from three to 16 years of age were included in this study. Nineteen were diabetics, seven were "suspected" diabetics (with evidence of glucose intolerance but without repeated fasting hyperglycemia), and 13 were controls. Mean glucose disappearance rates (K) during intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were 2.19 for the controls, 1.23 for the suspected diabetics, and 0.70 for 14 diabetics tested; the differences were statistically significant. Diabetics had the smallest and suspected diabetics the greatest plasma insulin responses during IVGTTs. Fasting plasma growth hormone (GH) varied widely. GH generally decreased or remained unchanged during IVGTTs, but two diabetics exhibited slight increases and two sustpected diabetics pronounced increases. Basement-membrane thickness (BMT) was examined in 42 quadriceps femoris needle biopsies. Average BMT (ABMT) and minimum BMT (MBMT) correlated well (r = 0.91). BMT did not correlate well with age or, in the diabetics, with duration of clinical disease. Diabetics had the greatest and controls the least mean ABMT and MBMT, but the differences were not statistically significant. High values (those exceeding mean control values by more than two standard deviations) were much more common among the suspected diabetics and the diabetics. One of 13 controls, three of six suspected diabetics, and six of 19 diabetics had high ABMT values; two suspected diabetics and five diabetics had high MBMT values. Correlations between BMT and K were negative for the most part, but correlation coefficients were small. Serial studies in four of the children suggest that BMT and glucose tolerance tend to change in opposite directions.
Diabetes 1976 Aug
PMID:Carbohydrate metabolism and capillary basement-membrane thickness in children. I. cross-sectional studies. 95 96

Fasting levels of plasma cholersterol and triglyceride, lipoprotein patterns, and fasting and postintravenous glucose levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, serum growth hormone, and plasma free fatty acids in a genetic potential diabetic population were compared to those in a similar normal control population. THe potential diabetic population was further divided into groups of patients with a normal (prediabetic) or abnormal (chemical diabetic) glucose tolerance test. Although no clear-cut lipid differences were noted, certain trends appeared. More type IV hyperlipoproteinemia was seen in male prediabetic (21%) and male chemical diabetic patients (19%) than in normal male subjects (5%); in female subjects only a few type IV patterns were seen. Type II hyperlipoproteinemia was not seen in any normal subject, but was noted in nearly 9% of those with chemical diabetes. Fasting cholesterol levels correlated better with age than did fasting triglyceride levels in most of the patient groups. Fasting triglyceride levels showed a significant positive correlation with the serum insulin area of the oral glucose tolerance test in the normals wna prediabetic persons, and also showed a significant positive correlation with the blood glucose area of the prediabetic and chemical diabetic patients. It is suggested that a normal relationship between triglyceride concentration and insulin response to glucose is lost in chemical diabetes. Sex differences were also noted in the inslin response and the insulin-glucose relationships during the oral glucose tolerance test, with normal menstruation women showing a significantly lower insulin-glucose relationship than the age-related men.
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PMID:Lipid, glucose, and insulin interrelationships in normal, prediabetic, and chemical diabetic subjects. 95 89

The secretion of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone was determined in the serum of patients with recently diagnosed juvenile-type diabetes (10 patients) during stimulation by intravenous infusion of L-arginine and was compared with the results found in a group of five healthy persons. The value of the insulinemia was significantly lower in the diabetics as compared with the healthy controls. Serum glucagon levels were higher in all diabetics when fasting and after L-arginine administration as compared with the controls but a significant difference was observed only at the peck of secretion (5 min after L-arginine administration). Growth hormone concentration was slightly higher in the diabetics after secretory stimulation than in the controls, particularly at the peak of secretion (30 and 45 min) but the difference was statistically no significant.
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PMID:Serum insulin, pancreatic glucagon and growth hormone levels in response to intravenous infusion of L-arginine in patients with recently detected juvenile diabetes. 95 42

In 25 diabetics and 8 controls the insulin hypoglycemia test was performed with subsequent determination of growth hormone secretion by the radioimmunoassay method. The rise of the growth hormone level began earlier and persisted longer in diabetics as compared with controls. Juvenile diabetes was associated with a rapid secretory response of the hormone while in maturity-type diabetes the release of growth hormone in response to stimulation was excessive but delayed. A somewhat lower secretory response was found in diabetes lasting over 5 years as compared with short-lasting diabetes. The observed phenomena were not related to the absolute blood glucose level. Although the phenomenon of growth hormone hypersecretion remains yet to be explained, it seems, however, to be secondary to carbohydrate metabolism disturbance and insulin disorders.
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PMID:Secretion of growth hormone in the insulin test in various forms of diabetes. 95 43

Serum growth hormone (HGH) was determined in: 1) diabetics without retinopathy, 2) diabetics with retinopathy and normal creatinine clearance. In diabetes without retinopathy the HGH was higher than in controls, while in the group of cases with retinopathy the HGH level was significantly lower than in the group without vascular changes and in the control group. Cases with retinal vascular changes and reduced creatinine clearance had a significantly higher HGH level as compared with the group with normal clearance, and the dynamics of HGH secretion in the group with reduced clearance differed from those in the remaining groups. This pattern of HGH secretion in the studied groups showed a connection between raised HGH level and impairment of renal function developing when vascular changes appear in diabetics.
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PMID:Secretion of growth hormone in the insulin test, and the development of diabetic microangiopathy. 95 44

The Somogyi phenomenon or effect is a paradoxical situation of insulin-induced post-hypoglycemic hyperglycemia. The historical aspects of this phenomenon and the subsequent hypotheses and controversy are reviewed. The clinical situation is explained, with regard to its recognition, management and importance as an etiological factor in "brittle" diabetes. Hormone immunoassay techniques at present show human growth hormone (HGH) to be the major consequence of insulin-induced hypoglycemia leading to post-hypoglycemia glucose intolerance, but further studies will probably show glucagon to have a major role.
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PMID:The Somogyi phenomenon. A short review. 97 71

A preliminary survey has been completed using manual densitometric technics to determine the mean retinal circulation times in groups of normal controls, offspring to two diabetic parents with normal glucose tolerance (prediabetics), and offspring of two diabetic parents with abnormal glucose tolerance (chemical diabetics). Comparisons of the mean retinal circulation time showed differences between the left eye and right eye in prediabetic and chemical diabetic groups and a sex difference in both normals and prediabetics. In addition, both age and per cent ideal body weight were inversely related to the mean retinal circulation time. The levels of fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and growth hormone, in many instances, also appeared to be inversely related to the mean retinal circulation time. Similarly, the degree of glucose tolerance (determined by the area under the glucose curve above baseline) was significantly inversely related to the mean retinal circulation time. The mean retinal circulation time adjusted for per cent ideal weight was analyzed separately for both right eye and left eye, and a significantly shorter mean retinal circulation time was noted, particularly in males, for prediabetics than for normal controls and for chemical diabetics than for both prediabetics and normals. Analysis of the mean retinal circulation time adjusted for age showed similar differences. It is postulated that the genetic prediabetic state with or without glucose intolerance might be associated with significant alterations of mean retinal circulation time independent of age and per cent ideal weight. It is also suggested that a number of potentially meaningful interrelationships between the degree of glucose intolerance and/or hyperlipidemia might exist and should be further quantified.
Diabetes 1976
PMID:Mean retinal circulation time as determined by fluorescein angiography in normal, prediabetic, and chemical-diabetic subjects. 97 94

A case of a 26-year old woman suffering from an insulin resistant diabetes mellitus for 14 years is described. Acanthosis nigricans was diagnosed in the patient's second year and the syndrome of Stein-Leventhal at the age of 15. Diabetes could not be properly controlled either with the daily dosis of insulin as high as 1140 U or with peroral tolbutamide. Fasting serum IRI concentrations were elevated, the secretoric response to the stimulation by glucose or tolbutamide was substantial and protracted. The hypoglycemic response to the i.v. application of commercial insulin was insignificant. Serum growth hormone levels were normal. No presence of insulin antibodies in the serum was detected.
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PMID:Insulin resistant diabetes mellitus without the presence of insulin antibodies. A case report. 97 12


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