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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The uptake of 45Ca was measured in slices of kidney cortex from normal rats, streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated early and late with insulin. Insulin therapy was performed such that blood glucose levels were controlled in half the treated diabetic animals but not in the others. Considerably earlier than evidence of nephropathy (i.e., proteinuria and increased BUN levels) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, there was a significant decrease in active uptake of calcium by the kidney. Insulin therapy, begun immediately upon diagnosis of diabetes, maintained normal calcium transport even when blood glucose levels were not controlled. On the other hand, insulin therapy, begun 1 mo after diabetes was confirmed but before evidence of nephropathy, did not restore calcium transport to normal whether or not blood glucose was controlled. We conclude that this biochemical mechanism, which possibly may be implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, is clearly influenced by duration of insulin deficiency and not by the degree in hyperglycemia.
Diabetes 1979 Dec
PMID:Effectiveness of insulin therapy on altered renal calcium transport in diabetic rats. 51 Aug 5

The purpose of the investigations was the determination of the maximum gastric secretion during hyperglycaemia in healthy subjects as well as in patients with short-term and long-term diabetes. After the stimulation with pentagastrine, given in the dose of 6 microgram per kg of body weight in 0.9% sodium chloride solution continuous intravenous infusion, there were determined MAO, parietal and nonparietal secretions, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium, and the total secretin of these electrolytes in gastric juice. In healthy subjects hyperglycaemia was induced by intravenous infusion of 30% glucose solution. Under the influence of hyperglycaemia the decrease of MAO (p less than 0.001) in healthy subjects as well as in diabetics was found. In healthy subjects the decrease of the total potassium, chloride and magnesium secretion in gastric juice (p less than 0.001) was observed. In patients with long-term diabetes the decrease of the secretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium was observed. There were no differences in gastric secretion in both groups of diabetics. The inhibitory effect of hyperglycaemia on the parasympathetic system and the decreased release of endogenous gastrine may be the causes of these changes. Insulin may also inhibit gastric secretion.
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PMID:[Maximal gastric secretion in hyperglycemia in normal subjects and in diabetics]. 59 33

Ancient Peruvian hair has been excavated from a series of archaeological sites on the Peruvian coast. After careful cleaning, examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed most of the samples to be in a state of preservation comparable to modern hair. No evidence of pathological conditions was observed. Trace metal composition was determined by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry and nitrogen by Kjeldahl analysis, producing the following results: (1) nitrogen is lost with time, while all other tested minerals except zinc and copper showed irregular increases; (2) relatively high chromium levels may indicate that diabetes was not present in the samples; and (3) no consistent trend in the ratio of calcium to strontium was found through time and across corresponding dietary shifts.
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PMID:Mineral analysis of ancient Peruvian hair. 63 29

Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.
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PMID:Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age. 64 78

Highly specific insulin receptors have been identified on human erythrocytes. A modification of the monocyte insulin radioreceptor technique permitted distinct separation of human erythrocytes with their bound insulin from the free insulin. When incubated with 80 pg. per milliliter of 125I-insulin (pH 8.0, 3.5 hours, 15 degrees C.), erythrocytes from 17 normal volunteers specifically bound 10 per cent (+/- 1.450 S.D.) of the total 125I-insulin. Less than 15 per cent of the total 125I-insulin bound was nonspecific. Binding of 125I-insulin to human erythrocytes was dependent on pH and temperature. Less than 5 per cent of the insulin available to the plasma membrane was degraded. Both calcium and magnesium enhanced 125I-insulin binding by 100 per cent but had no synergistic effect when mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio. Scatchard analysis of the binding data resulted in a curvilinear plot with characteristics typical of negative cooperative interactions between receptor sites and with an unoccupied site affinity constant of 0.1 X 10(8) M-1. Human erythrocytes have 2,000 insulin binding sites per erythrocyte with 14 sites per square micrometer of surface area. The readily available human erythrocyte, thus, has both specific insulin binding sites and binding characteristics similar to other human cell types. These studies have provided the basis for further clinical investigation of polypeptide hormone receptors on human erythrocytes.
Diabetes 1978 Jul
PMID:Characteristics of human erythrocyte insulin receptors. 65 15

At concentrations below 50 micronM, phenethylbiguanide enhanced the initial rate of enertized Ca2+ uptake into energized guinea pig liver mitochondria by as much as 45 per cent; Ca2+-stimulated O2 uptake increased in parallel. The biguanide concentration that enhanced Ca2+ uptake maximally was at least 15 times lower than that required for 50 per cent inhibition of respiration. Kinetic studies indicated that the enhanced rate of Ca2+ transport resulted from an increase in Vmax, while Km for Ca2+ was unaffected by the biguanide. Several other organic cations known to lower blood sugar in intact animals or to block the hepatic gluconeogenic response to glucagon also enhanced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate; three of these compounds did not inhibit respiration even at high concentrations. One organic cation, triethyltin, which is a potent respiratory inhibitor that does not affect blood sugar, had no effect on Ca2+ uptake. We concluded that enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate is related to the mechanism of therapeutic blood sugar lowering by these drugs, probably by impairing the gluconeogenic response of the liver to glucagon.
Diabetes 1978 Jul
PMID:Enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate by phenethylbiguanide and other organic cations with hypoglycemic activity. 65 23

In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.
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PMID:Blood-reduced glutathione, pyruvic acid, citric acid, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and certain mineral changes in diabetes mellitus before and after treatment. 68 21

The role of calcium transport into the pancreatic A2-cell in release of glucagon was studied in the perfused in vitro rat pancreas exposed to the organic calcium-antagonist verapamil (10 and 20 microns). As judged by the inhibitory effect of verapamil, a sufficient influx of calcium was required for glucagon release to be stimulated by either arginine (10 mM) or a lowering of the glucose concentration from 16.6 to 3.3 mM. However, such was not the case for glucose to inhibit the release of glucagon or when the A-2-cell was established in a stimulated state during prolonged exposure to a low, 3.3 mM, glucose concentration. These findings suggest that the role of inwardly directed transport of calcium in the secretory process of the A2-cell is of a complex nature, being dependent on the type of stimulus employed (arginine or glucose) and, in the case of glucose, on the static or dynamic state of the cell. The intimate mechanisms by which calcium exerts such complex effects on the secretory process in the A2-cell remain to be elucidated.
Diabetes 1978 Oct
PMID:The role of calcium in glucagon release. Studies with verapamil. 70 Feb 62

Issuing from the present state of the influence of the basic nutritive substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and various nutritive factors discussed again and again (cholesterol, erucaic acid, sodium, calcium/magnesium quotient, pressor amines) on the development of the arteriosclerosis, the indididual factors of influence are critically evaluated. The investigations are getting under way, so that ascertained results are standing beside insufficiently claified or open problems, From the abundance of the observations conclusions are drawn which are of significance for practice. Unfavourable influences of nutrition on the factors of risk (hyperlipoproteinaemia, disturbance of the carbohydrate tolerance, hyperuricaemia, hyperalimentation) and on the manifest diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uric arthritis, obesity) of the metabolic syndrome which finally contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis are emphasized. In front of this background a clinically and ambulatorily tested basic metabolic diet is described. About 20% of the energy content (kcal or kJ) of this diet are protein, 35% fat and 45% are carbohydrates. The saturated fatty acids lie below 30%, the manifold saturated fatty acids, however, above 20% of the total fat proportion. The cholesterol content is below 400 mg, the purin-nitrogen below 200 mg, and the sodium content is about 2g per day. This diet can be produced for the treatment of persons with normal weight and overweight in different energetic degradations.
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PMID:[Nutrition and arteriosclerosis]. 70

A strain of genetically selected White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with increased atherosclerosis at similar plasma cholesterol concentrations as randomly bred (RBWC) pigeons was studied to evaluate the commonly known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Indicators for the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, "stress", hyperuricemia and hypothyroidism were determined. In pigeons fed the atherogenic diet, major differences in atherosclerosis were seen between WC-2 and RBWC. WC-2 pigeons had more aortic surface covered with plaque and greater concentrations of aortic nonesterified cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline, as well as a greater prevalence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis. For WC-2 and RBWC pigeons we found similar levels of hypercholesterolemia, mean blood pressure, plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. In addition, several other physiological variables such as plasma uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, adrenal and thyroid weights which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were similar. The findings indicate that the differences in extent and severity of atherosclerosis between WC-2 and RBWC cannot be explained by differences in the risk factors studied. Possible genetic regulation of atherosclerosis by mechanisms operable in the arterial wall of WC-2 pigeons is suggested.
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PMID:Risk factors in pigeons genetically selected for increased atherosclerosis susceptibility. 72 42


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