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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Current data concerning cutaneous allergy to insulin may be illustrated by the two cases reported here. One was a woman with gestational diabetes; she was treated with bovine insulin and developed generalized urticaria which subsided after switching to human insulin. The other was a woman who had pruritus localized to the site of injection with every type of insulin and in whom laboratory examinations showed an increase of specific IgE. Immunological reactions have been described since the time when exogenous insulin was introduced as a treatment of diabetes. The wide use of purified human insulin has considerably reduced their incidence but benign local and immediate systemic reactions are still being reported, their estimated frequency varying from 10 p. 100 to 50 p. 100 of the patients treated. In reality, allergy to insulin itself is extremely rare compared with allergic reactions to preservatives, such as metacresol, additives (protamine and zinc and contaminants present in insulin preparations: desamido-insulin. True allergic reactions to insulin may be localized or generalized and biphasic, and in most cases they are IgE-mediated. Some late local reactions, as well as atrophy, can be ascribed to delayed hypersensitivity. Treatment includes: (i) change in the type of insulin used; (ii) systemic or topical corticosteroid therapy; (iii) antihistamines and aspirin, and (iv) desensitization. The allergic complications of insulin therapy are benign; they usually do not require any particular treatment and often spontaneously regress.
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PMID:[Cutaneous allergic accidents caused by insulin. Current aspects apropos of 2 cases]. 297 69

A 63 year old man presented with features of the glucagonoma syndrome, that is thromboembolic disease, weight loss, raised sedimentation rate, diabetes mellitus, hypoproteinaemia and reduced plasma amino acid levels, but without necrolytic migratory erythema. The plasma glucagon level was raised and the tumour was demonstrated by abdominal CT scan. Immunofluorescent studies of the resected tumour confirmed the diagnosis. The normal tissue zinc status supports the view that necrolytic migratory erythema is related to zinc deficiency.
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PMID:Glucagonoma without cutaneous manifestations. 299 32

Rats with experimental diabetes were administered in vivo a tracer dose of either [1-14C]-linoleic, [1-14C]-gamma-linolenic or [2-14C]-dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and sacrificed 48 h later. With all three radioactive precursors, the radioactivity incorporated into arachidonic acid was lower in experimental diabetes, compared to nondiabetic rats similarly treated, while the weights of hepatic arachidonic acid were not significantly affected by the diabetic state. Streptozotocin-treated rats were administered moderate or excessive quantities of protamine-zinc-insulin. Streptozotocin diabetes inhibits rat liver homogenate [2-14C]-dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid delta 5-desaturation; only moderate injections of protamine-zinc-insulin restore the in vitro delta 5-desaturation. These results suggest that experimental diabetes, a reported inhibitor of delta 6-desaturation, also causes partial inhibition of delta 5-desaturation in rat liver; this suggests that dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid desaturation, a secondary regulatory step in linoleic acid metabolism, may be restored through an optimum insulin therapy.
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PMID:Comparative in vivo and in vitro study of the influence of experimental diabetes on rat liver linoleic acid delta 6- and delta 5-desaturation. 300 83

Dietary supplementation with high-carbohydrate, guar gum fiber (HCF) is effective in acutely blunting postprandial blood glucose levels. We report the effect of such supplementation on the diet and nutritional status of a group of 16 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who incorporated either HCF bars (35.7 g carbohydrate and 6.6 g guar gum/bar) or placebo bars (identical except for the absence of guar gum) into the diet for 6 mo as part of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. The HCF subjects achieved mean daily intake of 4.8 +/- 0.4 bars, constituting 51.2 +/- 3.1% of total calories and providing 29.7 +/- 2.6 g guar gum daily. Energy intakes and body weight did not change significantly in either group. Food consumption patterns and nutrient intakes did change, although not enough to impair the nutritional integrity of the diet because the bars themselves served as a source of nutrients. The bars were rich in thiamin, B6, folacin, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper, adequately replacing any decrease in nutrient intake as a result of foods being dropped from the diet. In fact, daily intakes of B6, folacin, and copper actually increased due to contributions from the bars. Nutrients in which the bars were poor (vitamins A, C and B12) resulted in suboptimal intakes (less than 66% RDA). Although no significant change in nutritional status of the HCF group occurred as determined by arm muscle area, arm fat area, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or serum albumin, transferrin, iron, ferritin, calcium, phosphate, B12, and magnesium levels, these indicators of nutritional status are rather insensitive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes Care
PMID:Nutritional risk of high-carbohydrate, guar gum dietary supplementation in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 302 7

The ability of insulin treatment to reverse altered phosphoinositide metabolism in sciatic nerve from streptozotocin diabetic rats was studied. Diabetes was induced in rats by means of a single injection of streptozotocin. Enhanced incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was detectable as early as 8 days following intravenous injection of streptozotocin and was maximal after 4 weeks. Hormone treatment was initiated at this time by daily injections of protamine zinc insulin followed by the implantation of long-acting insulin osmotic minipumps, and 4 weeks later sciatic nerves were removed and incubated in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate. The increased labeling of PIP2 was completely reversed by hormone administration. In contrast, insulin (0.1 and 1.0 mU/ml) added to the incubation medium failed to reverse the altered pattern of 32P incorporation into PIP2. The uptake of 32P into PIP2 was greater than 80% higher into the proximal than into the distal portion of normal sciatic nerve when these were incubated separately. This metabolic difference was abolished in diabetic rats, although the incorporation into both segments was still significantly higher than in controls. These results strengthen the association of altered nerve PIP2 metabolism with the diabetic state and are consistent with the concept that experimental diabetic neuropathy is a distal axonopathy.
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PMID:Insulin reverses enhanced incorporation of 32P into polyphosphoinositides in peripheral nerve of the streptozotocin diabetic rat. 302 9

Nutritional modulation is one approach to successful aging. In animals, dietary restriction increases life span. Alterations in the macronutrient and micronutrient constituent of the diet can modulate gene expression. Anorexia is common in elderly persons. The results of studies in animals suggest that aging is associated with a decrease in the opioid feeding drive and an increase in the satiating effect of cholecystokinin. Unrecognized depression is a common, treatable cause of anorexia and weight loss in elderly persons. Protein synthesis decreases in elderly persons; nevertheless, nitrogen balance can be maintained in patients with fairly low intakes of protein. Carbohydrate intolerance is common and may be modulated by nutritional intervention and physical activity. The role of cholesterol in the development of heart disease in very old persons is controversial. Homebound and institutionalized elderly persons often do not expose their skin to sunlight; because the skin of older persons has a decreased ability to form vitamin D, the vitamin D status in these persons is precarious and they are at risk for osteopenia. Vitamins are often abused by elderly persons. Drug administration alters the vitamin requirements of persons. Borderline zinc state has been associated with deteriorating immune function, especially in persons who have diabetes mellitus or who abuse alcohol. Zinc administration appears to protect against the deteriorating vision associated with age-related macular degeneration. Selenium deficiency seems to be associated with an increased prevalence of cancer.
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PMID:Nutrition in the elderly. 305 65

Recent resorption studies in healthy subjects suggest that intermediate human zinc insulin preparations might diminish the absorption and activity of human short-acting insulin when the two insulins are administered as a single, combined preparation. This study was designed to investigate whether combined and separate administration of human zinc or human NPH insulin with soluble human insulin have different pharmacokinetic characteristics, as evaluated by glucose clamp studies and determination of free insulin levels. Eight type 1 diabetic patients received, in random order, four different, subcutaneously injected preparations of human insulin. Zinc insulin (Monotard HM, Novo-M) and protamine insulin (Protaphan HM, Novo-P) were each given with short-acting insulin (Actrapid HM, Novo-A). These insulins were administered either as a single combined preparation (MA;PA) or as two separate injections (M + A; P + A). Prior to the insulin injection euglycemia was achieved by an overnight intravenous insulin infusion. After the subcutaneous injection of insulin, glucose was monitored at 10-min intervals and euglycemia was maintained by a variable glucose infusion rate for 6 h. The total glucose infusion rate during this period was significantly lower following MA compared with M + A (total glucose infusion: 643 +/- 117 vs. 817 +/- 130 mg/kg, P = 0.009) whereas the glucose infusion rate did not differ between PA and P + A (878 +/- 122 vs. 914 +/- 118 mg/kg, NS(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1988 Sep 05
PMID:Mixtures of human intermediate and human regular insulin in type 1 diabetic patients. Evaluation of free insulin levels and insulin action on glucose metabolism after combined and separate subcutaneous administration. 306 16

In order to study the effect of hyperglucagonaemia on nitrogen metabolism in diabetes, zinc protamine glucagon 60 micrograms was injected subcutaneously 3 times daily for 4 weeks into streptozotocin diabetic rats (n = 5), adequately treated with long acting insulin. This raised the plasma concentration of glucagon to 725 +/- 125 (mean +/- SEM), which is not different from that found in portal blood of uncontrolled diabetic rats: 400 +/- 75 ng/l. The controls were 5 diabetic rats treated with insulin alone and 5 non-diabetic rats. Compared with control rats the nitrogen balance was reduced (p less than 0.05) and the nitrogen contents of carcass, heart, intestines, and kidneys were reduced by 15-30% (p less than 0.05) in the glucagon treated rats. The hepatic capacity of urea synthesis and the alanine elimination rate were determined in the 3 above-mentioned groups, and confirmed in 3 identical groups followed for only 2 weeks; and in addition in a group of glucagon treated diabetic rats, where the long acting glucagon was substituted by neutral insulin the last two days before investigation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Exogenous hyperglucagonaemia in insulin controlled diabetic rats increases urea excretion and nitrogen loss from organs. 306 29

ICRF-187, (+)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-yl)propane, has been shown to protect against alloxan diabetes (el-Hage et al., 1981). Since alloxan-induced pancreatic beta cell damage is thought to be mediated through the generation of highly reactive oxygen radicals by a metal catalyzed reaction involving both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, in the present study the protective activity of ICRF-187 was compared with that of free radical scavengers, microsomal enzyme inhibitors and chelating agents. The free radical scavengers DMSO, vitamin E and WR2721 markedly reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. ICRF-187 was found not to interact with superoxide anions, and there is no evidence to indicate that any of the known biological effects of ICRF-187 are mediated through free radical scavenging activity. SKF-525 and cimetidine, known inhibitors of drug metabolizing enzymes, also protected against the diabetogenic action of alloxan. Since it was found that ICRF-187 did not alter hexobarbital sleeping time, this compound must protect by a mechanism other than microsomal enzyme inhibition. Since the chelating agents EDTA and DETAPAC were found to protect against alloxan diabetes, ICRF-187 or its hydrolytic products, which are structurally similar to EDTA, could function as chelating agents. Transitional metals such as iron, zinc and copper were found to bind preferentially to a hydrolysis product of ICRF-187. Chelation of iron by ICRF-187 or its hydrolytic products could decrease in vivo formation of reactive oxygen radicals and provide a means for protecting against chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity and alloxan diabetes.
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PMID:Mechanism of the protective activity of ICRF-187 against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. 309 Jun 62

The influence of arachidonic acid (AA) on the zinc flux rates of jejunal segments, isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats injected with saline or with insulin, was investigated using an Ussing chamber technique. Although the zinc flux rates from mucosa-to-serosa (Jms) of normal rats were inhibited by addition of 5 microM AA to the jejunal segment bathing medium (46.4 +/- 5.0 vs 32.6 +/- 4.3 nmol/hr/cm2), AA had no effect on the Jms of diabetic rats either with or without insulin treatment. Induction of diabetes also significantly reduced Jms (46.4 +/- 5.0 vs 22.1 +/- 4.9 nmol/hr/cm2), but 3 day insulin treatment (NPH 8 U/Kg/day subcutaneously) did not reverse this effect (29.2 +/- 5.1 nmol/hr/cm2). Addition of AA to the serosal side did not significantly alter the zinc flux rate from serosa-to-mucosa (Jsm) in either control, diabetic or diabetic rats treated with insulin. The net zinc absorption rate (Jnet) of jejunal segments was decreased in diabetic rats compared to controls (13.2 +/- 3.0 vs -0.7 +/- 2.1 nmol/hr/cm2), but normalization of blood glucose with 3 day insulin treatment did not increase Jnet. Addition of AA was associated with a tendency to increase zinc uptake capacity. This change reached statistical significance in insulin treated diabetic rats. Short-circuit current (Isc) for diabetic rats was increased compared to controls but addition of AA to the mucosal side bathing medium decreased Isc in all groups. The results indicate that the zinc flux rate in the small intestine of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is decreased, that zinc uptake capacity of the small intestine does not directly reflect the zinc flux rate across the small intestine, and that AA or one of its metabolites may play a significant role in the control of the zinc flux across the intestinal epithelium.
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PMID:Intestinal zinc transport: influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, insulin and arachidonic acid. 312 34


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