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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chromium (Cr) is essential for the regulation of insulin action, and Cr supplementation has been studied as a potential therapy of insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. Corticosteroid treatment is well known to cause the abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism. Recently, it has been reported that corticosteroid increases urinary loss of Cr, and Cr supplementation recovers steroid-induced diabetes mellitus. In this experiment, rats were treated daily with dexamethasone (DEX) (0.2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [IP]) for the first 7 days and were further treated with DEX plus either chromium picolinate (CrP, 30 mg/kg/d) orally or a placebo for a period of 14 days. At the end of experiment (D21), the control rats, which were treated only with DEX weighed 320 g (80% of initial weight) on average, but CrP-treated rats weighed 364 g (91% of initial weight. P <.05). Glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and insulin sensitivity tests were conducted. During insulin sensitivity tests, the area under the curve (AUC(0-->120)) of the time-glucose concentrations curves in CrP-treated group were decreased compared with those in the control group (271.4 +/- 74.9 v 1,097.4 +/- 722.2 mmol/L/min, P <.01). Fasting serum insulin levels in CrP-treated rats were clearly decreased by 46.9% compared with those in the control group (0.52 +/- 0.19 v 0.98 +/- 0.36 nmol/L, P <.05). During the GTTs, the AUC(0-->120) for time-glucose concentrations curves in CrP-treated group was not significantly different from the control group, but the AUC(0-->120) of serum insulin concentrations in the CrP-treated group were 55.8% lower than those in the control group (123.1 +/- 42.5 v 278.2 +/- 59.1 nmol/L/min, P <.01). The mean AUC(0-->120) of time-cholesterol concentration curves during GTTs did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (867.6 +/- 155.2 v 827.7 +/- 94.3 mmol/L/h, P = not significant [NS]). In contrast, 1-hour and 2-hour plasma triglycerides were significantly lower in the CrP-treated group, and the mean AUC of the time-triglyceride curve was significantly lower in CrP-treated group than in the control group (3.4 +/- 0.5 v 5.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/L/h, P <.05). We suggest that Cr supplementation in DEX-treated rats can relatively reverse a catabolic state and increase insulin sensitivity. Our results support the hypothesis that Cr supplementation can be considered to improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients receiving corticosteroid treatment.
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PMID:Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body weight in dexamethasone-treated rats. 1197 90

As an essential nutrient involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, chromium is of extraordinary importance for patients with diabetes. Plasma concentrations do not reflect the chromium supply; thus, we determined the element's content in blood cells in order to evaluate the body status. We investigated 86 blood donors (C) and 35 diabetics type 2 (Dm2). After the isolation of the blood cells by using a density centrifugation, the chromium concentrations were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to C, Dm2 had higher values in plasma, erythrocytes, and platelets (248%, 61%, and 91%, respectively) and lower contents in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes (each -35%, age- and sex-matched groups with n=35, each p<0.01). The poorer the metabolic control assessed by HbA1c, the higher were the chromium concentrations in plasma (r=+0.46, n=33, p=0.007, increase 11.1% per %HbA1c) and the lower were the values in mononuclear leukocytes (r=-0.45, n=33, p=0.008, decrease 17.8% per %HbA1c). The changed amounts in plasma and in mononuclear cells in increasing hyperglycemia could be the result of an intracellular/extracellular redistribution of the element. High plasma levels might explain the renal chromium losses of diabetics, whereas the lymphocytes could reflect a decreasing chromium body state.
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PMID:Chromium determinations in blood cells: clinical relevance demonstrated in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. 1201 17

The data on the standards for chromium requirements and the safety of various chromium compounds and doses are reviewed. The 350-fold difference between the acceptable daily intake and the calculated reference dose for humans of 70 mg per day seems without precedent with respect to other nutritional minerals. Previous claims of mutagenic effects of chromium are of questionable relevance. While studies have found DNA fragmentation (clastogenic effects) by chromium picolinate, anecdotal reports of high-dose chromium picolinate toxicity are few and ambiguous. The beneficial effects of chromium on serum glucose and lipids and insulin resistance occur even in the healthy. Serum glucose can be improved by chromium supplementation in both types 1 and 2 diabetes, and the effect appears dose dependent. Relative absorption of various chromium compounds is summarized and the mechanism of low molecular weight chromium binding substance (LMWCr) in up-regulating the insulin effect eight-fold is discussed. There is evidence of hormonal effects of supplemental chromium besides the effect on insulin. Chromium supplementation does result in tissue retention, especially in the kidney, although no pathogenic effect has been demonstrated despite considerable study.
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PMID:The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. 1212 63

The in vivo effects of administration of the synthetic, functional biomimetic cation [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+) to healthy and type I and type II diabetic model rats are described. In contrast to current chromium-containing nutrition supplements, which only serve as sources of absorbable chromium, the trinuclear cation has been shown in in vitro assays to interact with the insulin receptor, activating its kinase activity, presumably by trapping the receptor in its active conformation. Thus, treatment of rats with the trinuclear cation would be expected to result in changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism related to insulin action. After 24 weeks of intravenous administration (0-20 micro g Cr/kg body mass), the cation results in a concentration-dependent lowering of levels of fasting blood plasma LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin and of 2-h plasma insulin and glucose levels after a glucose challenge; these results confirm a previous 12-week study examining the effect of the synthetic cation on healthy rats and are in stark contrast to those of administration of other forms of Cr(III) to rats, which have no effect on these parameters. The cation has little, if any, effect on rats with STZ-induced diabetes (a type I diabetes model). However, Zucker obese rats (a model of the early stages of type II diabetes) after 24 weeks of supplementation (20 micro g/kg) have lower fasting plasma total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels and lower 2-h plasma insulin levels. The lowering of plasma insulin concentrations with little effect on glucose concentrations suggests that the supplement increases insulin sensitivity.
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PMID:The biomimetic [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+ )decreases plasma insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides in healthy and type II diabetic rats but not type I diabetic rats. 1220 22

Maitake mushroom has been reported to favorably influence hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and two extracts designated as ether soluble (ES) and water soluble (WS) on Zucker fatty rats (ZFR), a model of insulin resistance, and on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a model of genetic hypertension. In the initial study, we followed four groups of eight ZFR and SHR receiving special diets: a baseline diet (BD), BD + whole Maitake mushroom powder (20% w/w), BD + fraction ES (0.10% w/w), and BD + WS (0.22% w/w). Different effects of these dietary regimens on the 2 rat strains were found. At 35 days, only consumption of the ES diet significantly decreased systolic BP (SBP) in SHR (average 197 vs. 176 mm Hg, p < 0.001), while in ZFR only the groups consuming the whole Maitake and WS diets showed significantly decreased SBP (138 vs. 120-125 mm Hg, p < 0.001). A challenge test with losartan (an angiotensin II receptor blocker) indicates that angiotensin II does not play a major role in SBP regulation of ZFR, but does in SHR where consumption of ES relative to other groups significantly lowered activity of this system. In SHR, glucose, cholesterol, circulating insulin and HbA1C were virtually similar among all dietary groups; but whole Maitake (-22%), ES (-120%) and WS (-80%) diets were associated with decreased triglycerides, and the ES diet with lowered serum creatinine (-29%). In ZFR, circulating insulin and HbA1C were significantly decreased in the whole Maitake powder and ES groups, and tended to be lower in the WS group compared to control. In the ensuing studies, we gavaged ZFR once daily with water (control), 44 mg fraction WS, or 44 mg fraction WS plus 100 microg niacin-bound chromium (NBC). Oral gavage of WS clearly lowered SBP and circulating glucose concentrations, more so with the addition of chromium. We conclude that the examined forms of Maitake mushroom have antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential which differ among rat strains. The ES fraction may decrease SBP in SHR via alteration in the renin-angiotensin system.
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PMID:Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and its fractions in two rat strains. 1223 80

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Increased plasma levels of ADMA may indicate endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of angiopathy. The relation of ADMA to diabetes, glycemic control, and renal function, especially early diabetic hyperfiltration, remains unknown. We tried to evaluate whether there is an association between ADMA and glycosylated hemoglobin (GHbA(1c)) on the one hand and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on the other hand in diabetic subjects with normal or slightly increased GFR. We also studied whether plasma ADMA is associated with some risk factors of vasculopathy (hypercholesterolemia and hypertension). The study subjects consisted of 86 patients with type 2 diabetes and 65 control subjects. Plasma ADMA levels were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography as o-pthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatives and GFR was determined by the plasma clearance of chromium 51-EDTA. The diabetic patients had lower plasma ADMA levels than the nondiabetic control subjects (0.29 +/- 0.15 v 0.34 +/- 0.16 micromol/L, P <.03). In the diabetic subjects, plasma ADMA concentrations were inversely correlated with GHbA(1c) (R = -0.28, P =.01). In a multivariate linear model, significant predictors of ADMA were GFR (R = -0.32, P =.008) in diabetic subjects and GHbA(1c) (R = -0.19, P =.03) and GFR (R = -0.19, P =.02) in all subjects. Plasma ADMA was not associated with risk factors of vasculopathy. We conclude that diabetic patients with a normal or slightly increased GFR have lower circulating ADMA concentrations than nondiabetic control subjects. In type 2 diabetic patients high GFR and poor glycemic control were related to low plasma ADMA concentrations.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of asymmetric-dimethyl-arginine in type 2 diabetes associate with glycemic control and glomerular filtration rate but not with risk factors of vasculopathy. 1264 67

The 9 kinds of Chinese traditional medicines which are used to cure diabetes including Xiaokewan, Yuquanwan, Kelening, Jiangtangshu, Jiangtang I-V are digested with HNO3-HClO4 (4:1) mixed acid. The 12 trace elements of copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cadmium and lead in the solution are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Its recovery ratio by standard addition is 97%-105%, and RSD is lower than 5%. This method has good accurate. The results obtained show that except Cd and Pb all other ten trace elements contents in the drug are high. The results of this paper provide useful data for studying the relation between the contents of these trace elements and the medical effect.
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PMID:[Determination of trace elements in Chinese traditional medicines by atomic absorption spectrometry]. 1293 50

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altered serum total sialic acid (TSA), lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) levels had an interactive connection with diabetes and also whether they were correlated with each other in diabetic patients. Two study groups (control and type 2 diabetic subjects) were included. Two hundred patients (108 female and 92 male), diagnosed and treated for type 2 diabetes in the Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital (Van, Turkey), were selected consecutively to represent type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty healthy individuals (29 female and 21 male) served as the control group matched for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status were selected from hospital staff and other outpatient clinics. All participants had not taken vitamin or mineral supplements for at least 2 wk before sampling. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fasting in both groups for the determination of serum glucose, TSA, LSA, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Fe, and Mg. It was found that diabetics had higher TSA, LSA, Fe, Mn, Fe/Zn, and Cu/Zn levels, and lower Zn and Mg levels than those of controls. Although, Cu levels were higher, and Cr levels were lower in total and male diabetic patients, they were not different in female diabetic patients than in controls. The Cu/Fe ratio was lower in total and female diabetic patients, but not different in male diabetic patients than controls. The Zn/Cr ratio, on the other hand, was not different in diabetics than in controls. There was only a positive correlation between Fe-Mn levels in male diabetic patients. There was a negative correlation in LSA-Mn, Fe-Cu, Cu-Fe/Zn, and Mn-Cu/Zn levels in total diabetic patients. There was a positive correlation in TSA-Cr, TSA-Mg, LSA-Cu/Fe, LSA-Zn/Cr levels, and a negative correlation in TSA-Cu/Zn, LSA-Mn, Fe-Cu, Mn-Cu, Cu-Fe/Zn, Fe-cholesterol, and Cr-cholesterol in female diabetic patients. Our results showed that TSA, LSA, and selected minerals have interactive connections with diabetes mellitus (DM). There are also many sex-related positive or negative correlations between the altered parameters in diabetic patients. These parameters might be used as diagnostic index in patients with DM.
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PMID:Serum sialic acid levels and selected mineral status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1297 87

Elemental chromium (Cr) is an essential micronutrient. It is required for optimal insulin activity and normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Tri-valent chromium (Cr3+) is recommended for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. There is evidence that Cr3+ may have antidepressant properties, possibly by enhancement of monoamine function through its ability to increase amino acid transport to the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate further the possible effects of Cr3+ treatment on peripheral amino acid availability and brain monoamine function in the rat. We undertook three studies in rats. The first was a time-course study in which animals were administered single doses of 50 mg/kg of Cr3+ picolinate and the second a dose-response study in which animals were given either 20 or 50 mg/kg Cr3+ picolinate versus vehicle alone via the intra-peritoneal route. In the third, animals were fed a diet containing Cr3+ picolinate (100 mg/kg) or a similar control diet for two weeks and were then sacrificed. Blood was sampled and brains were removed for later analysis. Results from the Cr3+ time-course study defined an optimal time for sampling of two hours after dosing. Results from the second study showed dose-related responses to Cr3+ treatment for a number of measured biochemical parameters including serum corticosterone. In the sub-chronic treatment study Cr3+ significantly increased serum free tryptophan (TRP), non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFFAs), corticosterone, together with brain TRP, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and pineal melatonin. From other studies in our laboratory we have shown that Cr3+ treatment can modify brain 5-HT function, perhaps by altering the sensitivity of central 5-HT2A receptors. The peripheral effect of Cr3+ picolinate treatments and their consequential central effect on increased serotonergic and noradrenergic function may suggest that Cr3+ could have some antidepressant-like actions. Future studies to confirm this are to be done.
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PMID:Effects of treatment with chromium picolinate on peripheral amino acid availability and brain monoamine function in the rat. 1535 78

Previous studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that niacin-bound chromium (NBC), Maitake mushroom and (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) can ameliorate hypertension, dyslipidemias and diabetes mellitus, and therefore may be useful in weight management. In the present study, we used aged, diabetic Zucker fatty rats (ZFR) (70-75 weeks) in order to determine whether NBC, fraction SX of Maitake mushroom (MSX) and 60% (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) from Garcinia cambogia, alone or in combination, can affect certain aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome has been described as a concurrence of disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism, overweight and abdominal fat distribution, mild dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are associated with subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Four groups of eight ZFR were gavaged daily with different supplements. For the initial three weeks, the control group of ZFR received only water, the second group received NBC 40 mcg elemental chromium/day, the third group received MSX 100 mg/day and the last group received HCA-SX 200 mg/day. During weeks 4-6, the doses of each treatment were doubled. The control animals lost approximately 50 g body weight (BW) per rat over 6 weeks of treatment, which is characteristic of these animals in declining health. In contrast, eight ZFR receiving NBC lost approximately 9 g BW per rat, while rats consuming MSX lost 16 g BW per rat. However, ZFR receiving HCA-SX simulated the pattern in the control group because these animals lost approximately 46 g BW per rat. The wide individual variations resulted in a lack of statistical significance among groups. Nevertheless, 75% of the ZFR in the control group lost more than 50 g BW over the 6 weeks duration, whereas none of the ZFR receiving NBC, 25% of the ZFR receiving MSX and 57% of the ZFR receiving HCA-SX lost over 50 g BW over the 6 weeks of the study. ZFR in all 3 treatment groups showed significantly lower blood pressures as compared to control, which seemed to be dose related. The general trend was for renal and liver blood parameters, hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation to improve due to the supplementation of these natural products. Treatment of animals with a combination of these three novel supplements resulted in a lower SBP and maintenance of BW compared to control animals. These results demonstrate that elderly diabetics and even aging individuals might benefit from a similar regimen.
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PMID:Effects of niacin-bound chromium, Maitake mushroom fraction SX and (-)-hydroxycitric acid on the metabolic syndrome in aged diabetic Zucker fatty rats. 1457 12


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