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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The known effects of trivalent chromium (Cr) in lowering blood levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), raising high density lipoproteins (HDL) and improving glucose tolerance are summarised. Chromium deficiency cannot easily be established by direct means, but can be inferred by the reversal of symptoms and signs following the administration of trivalent chromium. This evidence can be supported by knowledge or suspicion of a deficiency in the diet, common in those who use highly refined cereal foods. It is considered that the beneficial effects of chromium repletion are now so well established and the trivalent form is so free of toxicity that it should now be used in clinical medicine for the benefit of those with some forms of diabetes and its complications and those suffering from atherosclerosis. Of perhaps more importance is the public health aspect, since most chromium is discarded in the cereal refinement process, we now have added evidence for a return to the diets in which complex carbohydrates predominated. In those who refuse or are unable to do this, possibly the addition of chromium to their drinking water may be of value.
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PMID:Trivalent chromium, in atherosclerosis and diabetes. 180 47

The urinary excretion of chromium, copper and manganese was determined in 185 diabetics and in an equal number of control subjects by measuring the concentration of each of these metals using electrothermal atomic spectrophotometry and dividing the values by the urinary concentration of creatinine (creat) in each subject. The mean (SEM) values for the overall diabetics and the control group were 2.32 (0.17) and 2.62 (0.22) mumol Cr/mole of creat, 76.5 (5.5) and 73.9 (6.1) mumol Cu/mole of creat, and 3.56 (0.44) and 2.66 (0.3) mumol Mn/mole of creat, respectively. There was no correlation between the urinary excretion of any of the metals examined and age or sex of either group. While the cardiovascular or ophthalmologic diseases associated with diabetes did not influence the excretion of any of these metals, significantly higher urinary excretion of Cu was exhibited by diabetics with neuropathy (p < 0.0027) or infections (p < 0.014) than by those without. Also, diabetics with liver disorders or those who were not treated with insulin excreted significantly more Mn than did their diabetic counterparts.
Diabetes Res 1991 Nov
PMID:Urinary excretion of chromium, copper, and manganese in diabetes mellitus and associated disorders. 184 23

In adult diabetic rats, a diet containing barley had a modulating effect on the symptoms of diabetes (blood glucose concentration and water consumption) when compared with a starch or sucrose-based diet. It was postulated that the beneficial effect of barley might be explained by its very high content of chromium (5.69 micrograms/g). Supplementation of the sucrose-based diet with an amount of trivalent inorganic chromium calculated to be equivalent to the available chromium in the barley-based diet abolished the differences in response to the diabetic state.
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PMID:Role of chromium in barley in modulating the symptoms of diabetes. 187 94

Chromium is an essential nutrient required for normal sugar and fat metabolism. Insufficient dietary chromium is associated with maturity-onset diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Dietary chromium intake in the U.S. and other developed countries is roughly half of the minimum suggested intake of 50 micrograms. Well controlled studies involving human subjects have demonstrated beneficial effects of supplemental chromium on fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, insulin binding, and hypoglycemic blood glucose values and symptoms. Since chromium is a nutrient and not a therapeutic agent, it will only benefit those people whose signs and symptoms are due to marginal or overt chromium deficiency. Stresses including high sugar diets, strenuous exercise, physical trauma, infection and certain diseases exacerbate the signs and symptoms associated with marginal intakes of dietary chromium. While excessive levels of chromium are usually limited to industrial settings, marginal dietary chromium intake is widespread in the general population and may lead to serious health problems.
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PMID:Essentiality of chromium in humans. 260 41

Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), the biologically active form of Cr3+, has been ascribed a role in the potentiation of insulin action and glucose homeostasis. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GTF-rich brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or GTF-deprived Torula yeast (Torulaspora delbrueckii) in genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. At 15 weeks of age, db/db mice exhibited increased body weight, hyperphagia, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and increased glycosylated haemoglobins compared with control (+/+) mice. During 56 days consumption of diets supplemented with 50g brewer's yeast or Torula yeast per kg, body weights of both groups of db/db mice decreased by 35%, in association with 1.2-1.7 fold increases of food intake, plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobins and an 83% decrease of plasma insulin. With the exception of slightly decreased weight loss, addition of brewer's yeast as opposed to Torula yeast did not affect tissue or plasma chromium nor ameliorate any of the parameters monitored including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity at 52-54 days. These findings do not support the contention that the glucose intolerance of genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ db/db mice partly reflects GTF deficiency.
Diabetes Res 1989 Mar
PMID:Failure of glucose tolerance factor-containing Brewer's yeast to ameliorate spontaneous diabetes in C57BL/KsJ DB/DB mice. 268 Feb 28

A 63-year-old female developed unexplained hyperglycemia and glycosuria during administration of a total parenteral nutrition regimen on which she had been stable for several months. Because the patient had no history of diabetes or evidence of an infection, chromium deficiency was considered. Plasma chromium level was 0.1 microgram/dl (laboratory reference interval: 1.8-3.8 micrograms/dl). Fourteen days of supplemental intravenous chromium chloride (200 micrograms/day) allowed complete withdrawal of exogenous insulin with no further hyperglycemia or glycosuria. Correction of unexplained glucose intolerance following vigorous chromium supplementation indicates that the patient had chromium deficiency. Subsequent plasma chromium levels remained unchanged, possibly reflecting the sensitivity limits of the assay that was used, the uncertainty that exists regarding appropriate reference intervals for this element, and the fact that plasma levels do not always correlate with total body stores. The patient did not manifest peripheral neuropathy, which was present in one of the two previously reported cases, nor encephalopathy, which was reported in the other. We conclude that this patient developed chromium deficiency as a result of inadequate administration of chromium in the parenteral formula (6 micrograms/day) plus excessive enteric losses, and she presented with glucose intolerance as the only clinical manifestation of the deficiency. Caution should be exercised when interpreting plasma chromium in patients with suspected deficiency.
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PMID:Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. 308 63

In search of possible interactions between plastic tubings used for insulin-pump treatment and commercial regular insulin preparations, various catheter sets made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and nylon plastics were perfused at 30 degrees C in a laboratory setting for up to 72 h. The perfused insulin solutions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Although no plasticizer, e.g., dioctyl phthalate, or nickel or chromium ions were found in the perfusates, substantial interactions between the plastics and the insulin solutions were detected, extraction of bacteriostatic additives from the insulin solutions in particular. The PVC retained up to 88% of the bacteriostatics from the insulin preparations, whereas PE tubings retained only 10-15%. Whether the loss of preservatives during perfusion through PVC catheters predisposes to cutaneous infections during insulin-pump therapy remains to be shown.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Interaction between plastic catheter tubings and regular insulin preparations used for continuous subcutaneous insulin-infusion therapy. 329 80

We examined neutrophil adherence to bovine aortic endothelial cells in 26 patients with diabetes compared with age- and sex-matched controls. The adherence of chromium 51-labeled neutrophils from patients with diabetes in the basal state and after incubation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was decreased significantly. A subset of 16 of 26 patients demonstrated highly significant decreases in basal adhesion. No significant correlation was found between defective adherence and metabolic control as assessed by plasma glucose level (range 44 to 508 mg/dl) and hemoglobin A1 level (range 7.7% to 17.1%) at the time of study. Plasma from patients with diabetes increased adherence of both diabetic and control neutrophils in the basal state. The adherence-augmenting factor in diabetic plasma was found to be nonfilterable and partially heat labile and to manifest the characteristics of a protein. The adhesive effects of diabetic plasma were mediated through alterations in endothelium rather than neutrophils. Diabetic neutrophil aggregation induced by PMA, FMLP, and calcium ionophore was normal in all patients examined, regardless of the aggregating agent used. Fibronectin release in the basal state and after stimulation with FMLP was found to be comparable in diabetic and control neutrophils. These studies demonstrated intrinsic adhesive dysfunction of diabetic neutrophils and a factor or factors in diabetic plasma that enhanced adherence to endothelium. These cellular and humoral factors may act together to prevent tissue emigration of neutrophils and may contribute to the pathogenesis and susceptibility of infection in diabetes.
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PMID:Neutrophil adhesive dysfunction in diabetes mellitus; the role of cellular and plasma factors. 334 42

The influence of chronic diabetes on zinc, copper and chromium status in the urine, plasma, liver, kidney, bone, muscle, lymphocytes and erythrocytes was investigated in rats 180 days after streptozotocin injection, in comparison to age matched normal rats. The concentration and tissue content of zinc and copper were increased significantly in the liver, femur, erythrocyte and lymphocyte of the diabetic rats in addition to an increase in their urinary loss. In contrast, the concentration of zinc, copper and chromium in the kidney of the diabetic rats and the concentration of copper in the muscle and of chromium in the liver of the diabetic rats were similar to those of the normal rats. There was also a marked deficiency of zinc in the muscle and of chromium in the bone of the diabetic rats. The potential significance of altered trace metal metabolism during long term changes in endocrine status, and the possible explanation and significance of the variable concentrations of essential metals in different organs of streptozotocin induced chronic diabetic rats is discussed. The importance of erythrocyte and leukocyte zinc concentration as a mirror to their relative concentration in other tissue of animals and humans with type I diabetes is raised.
Diabetes Res 1988 Jan
PMID:Influence of chronic diabetes on tissue and blood cells status of zinc, copper, and chromium in the rat. 340 63

This study was carried out to determine the relationships between blood trace metal concentrations and the clinical status of patients with cerebrovascular disease, gastric cancer and diabetes mellitus. The concentrations of blood trace metals were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations were compared to clinical parameters such as blood biochemical parameters, CBC, etc. The contribution of blood trace elements to these three diseases and the possibilities for prophylaxis of these three diseases are discussed. The results obtained were as follow: 1. Patients with cerebrovascular disease showed generally lower concentrations than normal subjects, while the gender difference of the blood metal concentrations showed a pattern similar to that of normal subjects. In some combination, significant correlations were observed between blood metal concentrations and clinical biochemical parameters. 2. As the stage of gastric cancer advanced, blood copper concentrations increased. In all gastric cancer patients the blood copper concentration had a positive correlation with platelet counts, CEA and LDH, and a negative correlation with hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit value and catalase. Plasma copper concentrations had a significant positive correlation with catalase. Corpuscular zinc concentrations had a significant positive correlation with platelet counts, CEA, ALP and LDH, and a significant negative correlation with hemoglobin concentration and GSH-Px. Corpuscular manganese concentrations had a significant positive correlation with CEA and LDH. 3. The blood copper concentration of patients with diabetes mellitus showed a distribution pattern similar to that of healthy subjects. Therefore, copper is not considered to be an important factor in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients treated by insulin injection showed increased blood zinc concentrations. Chromium, which is contained in GTF (glucose tolerance factor), showed lower blood concentrations in patients with severe complications, such as retinopathy or nephropathy. Therefore, it appears that chromium plays an important role in advancing diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Studies on the relationships between blood trace metal concentrations and the clinical status of patients with cerebrovascular disease, gastric cancer and diabetes mellitus]. 344 33


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