Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reported concentrations for magnesium in breast milk vary over a wide range (15 to 64 mg/L) with a median value of 31 mg/L and 75% of reported mean concentrations below 35 mg/L. Constitutional variables such as adolescent motherhood, gestation length, maternal undernutrition, metabolic disorders (diabetes, galactosemia), race, stage of lactation, sampling techniques (foremilk and hindmilk), as well as environmental variables such as socio-cultural diversity, smoking habits, dietary calcium and magnesium (including supplementation), vegetarianism, calciotropic agents (immunoreactive calcitonin, vitamin D), medication (hormonal contraceptives, magnesium sulfate) are critically reviewed in relation to changes in milk magnesium concentrations. Magnesium secretion into breast milk does not seem to be affected by the studied variables.
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PMID:Magnesium in human milk. 1076 2

Vascular disease underlies many of the complications of diabetes and includes coronary, cerebral, renal, peripheral and retinal vascular abnormalities. Magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) deficiencies occur frequently in diabetic patients. Because of the vasoconstrictive effects of hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia and the adverse effects of Mg and K deficiency on carbohydrate metabolism we hypothesize that routine Mg and K supplementation of all hypomagnesemic diabetics will ameliorate or prevent the ravages of diabetic vascular disease.
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PMID:Magnesium and potassium supplementation in the prevention of diabetic vascular disease. 1098 21

Magnesium depletion is a common feature of diabetes mellitus, apparently related to glycaemic control. The aim of the study was to investigate the isolated effect of hyperglycaemia upon renal magnesium excretion. Urinary magnesium excretion rates were measured in 10 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus on two different days with different levels of blood glucose concentration but equal plasma insulin concentration. On a hyperglycaemic day, an i.v. infusion of 20% glucose was started at the end of a euglycaemic baseline period, increasing blood glucose concentration from 5.3 mmol/L to 12.3 mmol/L. There was no major glucosuria. On the hyperglycaemic day the renal magnesium excretion and clearance were raised by a factor of 2.4 compared to the euglycaemic day. Plasma magnesium concentration decreased 3% during hyperglycaemia. In conclusion, blood glucose excursions influence magnesium homeostasis independently of insulin levels in Type 1 diabetic patients. This effect is primarily due to an increased renal magnesium clearance during hyperglycaemia.
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PMID:Hyperglycaemia enhances renal magnesium excretion in type 1 diabetic patients. 1100 60

Magnesium is the second most abundant cation in intracellular fluid and is an essential electrolyte. It has several critically important roles in the body, namely as a cofactor in numerous enzyme systems, and is involved in phosphate transfer, muscle contractility and neuronal transmission. The physiologic role, homeostasis, causes and clinical manifestations of hypo and hypermagnesemia and their therapy are briefly reviewed. Magnesium treatment is emerging as an important adjunct in the management of a few conditions: prevention and control of seizures in eclampsia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, asthma and others.
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PMID:[Magnesium: physiological and clinical relevance. 1: homeostasis and alterations in the metabolism of magnesium]. 1115 89

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients are known to have a high incidence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and tend to be at eventual high risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. It has been repeatedly shown that a low serum ionized magnesium (Mg2+) and a high ionized calcium to magnesium (Ca2+/Mg2+) ratio is often associated with insulin resistance, cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. We were therefore interested in assessing the serum divalent cation profile of PCOS patients compared with that of normal women of similar age. We found significantly lower serum Mg2+ and total magnesium and a significantly higher serum Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in the PCOS patients compared with the controls. No correlation was found, however, between the serum concentrations of steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone and testosterone), or any of the cations in the PCOS patients or the controls.
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PMID:Divalent cations in women with PCOS: implications for cardiovascular disease. 1144 31

The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays central and strategic roles in the control of the use of glucose-linked substrates as sources of oxidative energy or as precursors in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The activity of this mitochondrial complex is regulated by the continuous operation of competing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) reactions. The resulting interconversion cycle determines the fraction of active (nonphosphorylated) pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component. Tissue-specific and metabolic state-specific control is achieved by the selective expression and distinct regulatory properties of at least four PDK isozymes and two PDP isozymes. The PDK isoforms are members of a family of serine kinases that are not structurally related to cytoplasmic Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases. The catalytic subunits of the PDP isoforms are Mg2+-dependent members of the phosphatase 2C family that has binuclear metal-binding sites within the active site. The dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) and the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase-binding protein (E3BP) are multidomain proteins that form the oligomeric core of the complex. One or more of their three lipoyl domains (two in E2) selectively bind each PDK and PDP1. These adaptive interactions predominantly influence the catalytic efficiencies and effector control of these regulatory enzymes. When fatty acids are the preferred source of acetyl-CoA and NADH, feedback inactivation of PDC is accomplished by the activity of certain kinase isoforms being stimulated upon preferentially binding a lipoyl domain containing a reductively acetylated lipoyl group. PDC activity is increased in Ca2+-sensitive tissues by elevating PDP1 activity via the Ca2+-dependent binding of PDP1 to a lipoyl domain of E2. During starvation, the irrecoverable loss of glucose carbons is restricted by minimizing PDC activity due to high kinase activity that results from the overexpression of specific kinase isoforms. Overexpression of the same PDK isoforms deleteriously hinders glucose consumption in unregulated diabetes.
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PMID:Distinct regulatory properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase isoforms. 1164 66

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is present in more than 300 enzymatic systems, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Deficiency states result in increased insulin resistance, as well as increased smooth muscle and platelet reactivity. Magnesium deficiency has been shown to correlate with a number of chronic cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Intravenous magnesium has been used therapeutically in critical situations such as status asthmaticus, torsades de pointes, and preeclampsia. Few controlled studies exist regarding the therapeutic uses of oral magnesium supplementation in chronic cardiovascular diseases. Randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to determine whether magnesium supplementation will alter the natural history of these disease states.
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PMID:Magnesium: its proven and potential clinical significance. 1260 35

There is a great deal of information presently available documenting a cardiomyopathic condition in insulin-deficient models of diabetes. Less information is available documenting a similar status in non insulin-dependent models of diabetes. We have studied the functional integrity of the myofibrils isolated from hearts of JCR:LA rats. The JCR:LA rat is hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, glucose intolerant and obese. As such, it carries many of the characteristics found in humans with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These animals also have many indications of heart disease. However, it is not clear if the hearts suffer from vascular complications or are cardiomyopathic in nature. We examined Mg2+-dependent myofibrillar ATPase in hearts of JCR:LA-cp/cp rats and their corresponding control animals (+/?) and found no significant differences (P> 0.05). This is in striking contrast to the depression in this activity exhibited by cardiac myofibrils isolated from insulin-deficient models of diabetes. Our data demonstrate that myofibrillar functional integrity is normal in JCR:LA-cp rats and suggest that these hearts are not in a cardiomyopathic state. Insulin status may be critical in generating a cardiomyopathic condition in diabetes.
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PMID:Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity in cardiac myofibrils from the insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. 1190 Mar 75

Proteolytic degradation of recombinant proteins is an industry-wide challenge in host organisms such as Escherichia coli. These proteases have been linked to stresses, such as the stringent and heat-shock responses. This study reports the dramatic up-regulation of protease activity in an industrial recombinant E. coli fermentation upon induction. The objective of this project was to detect and characterize up-regulated proteases due to recombinant AXOKINE overexpression upon IPTG induction. AXOKINE is a 22-kDa protein currently in clinical trials as a therapeutic for obesity associated with diabetes. AXOKINE was expressed in both the soluble and inclusion body fractions in E. coli. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gelatin-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-GPAGE) was used to analyze the up-regulated protease activity. Western blot analysis showed degraded AXOKINE in both the soluble and insoluble fractions. Protease inhibitors were used to characterize the proteases. The proteases were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) sensitive. The protease activity increased in the presence of phenyl-methyl sulfonyl-fluoride (PMSF), a serine protease inhibitor. The incubation buffer composition was varied with respect to Mg2+ and ATP, and the protease activity was ATP independent and Mg2+ dependent. A two-dimensional electrophoresis technique was used to estimate the pI of the proteases to be between 2.9 and 4.0.
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PMID:Characterization of up-regulated proteases in an industrial recombinant Escherichia coli fermentation. 1207 55

To investigate the cellular basis linking non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) and hypertension, we used the atomic absorption spectrometry to detect Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels of serum and lymphocytes in patients with the above diseases. The results were that serum Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels had no change, but lymphocyte Ca2+ level increased obviously and lymphocyte Mg2+ level decreased obviously in both diseases, compared with normal controls. There were no difference between hypertension and NIDDM with and without hypertension. Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels of lymphocytes in patients with hypertension correlated with the systolic pressure respectively(Ca2+, r = 0.4633, P < 0.05; Mg2+, r = -0.4412, P < 0.05), but their levels in patients with NIDDM were not correlated with the fasting blood glucose. The results suggest that there is an abnormal Ca2+ and Mg2+ metabolism in lymphocytes in patients with hypertension and NIDDM.
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PMID:[Changes in calcium and magnesium levels of lymphocytes in patients with diabetes and hypertension]. 1208 Jun 88


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