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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood prolactin levels were measured under basal conditions and following the intravenous injection of TRH at time 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes in 22 men and 21 women insulin-dependent diabetics, aged less than 50 years and not taking any drug influencing prolactin secretion. Prolactin levels were significantly higher (alpha = 0.05) at the 120th minute in male diabetics and under basal conditions and at the 60th minute in female controls. There was no correlation with retinopathy, age and control of diabetes. At the 30th minute, prolactin levels were higher when diabetes was of more recent onset. These results confirm the absence of any participation of prolactin in the development of retinopathy, although variations in prolactin may be seen in association with the presence of diabetes.
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PMID:[Blood prolactin in insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal study and effect of stimulation]. 9 21

Isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from sexually immature rats by means of collagenase. Interperitoneal isotransplantation of the islets to rats with alloxan diabetes caused an improvement of their condition, normoglycemia, and elevation of the immunoreactive insulin level, and prolonged survival of these rats, in the presence of coarse morphological changes in the endocrine part of the pancreas of the recipient (in 2--4 weeks). It is suggested that the insular cells of the islets of Langerhans isolated from the immature rats were viable.
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PMID:[Isolation of the islands of Langerhans and their transplantation under experimental conditions]. 9 54

McN-3495, a new compound unrelated strucuturally to the sulfonylureas or phenformin, has been found to produce a hypoglycemic effect in nondiabetic rats, dogs, mice, and monkeys. The minimum effective dose of McN-3495 that lowers fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance was found to be about 2.5 to 5 mg-per kilogram, per os, except in fasted monkeys, in which a tenfold greater potency was observed. When McN-3495 was given repeatedly for three to five days, no tolerance to the hypoglycemic activity occurred and no changes in other biochemical parameters were observed. In addition to being three to four times more potent than tolbutamide, McN-3495 also differs from the sulfonylureas in lowering blood glucose concentrations of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and db/db mice, and, moreover, oral administration to normal fasted dogs did not produce the characteristic rise in insulin concentrations observed with tolbutamide. Furthermore, unlike the biguanides, McN-3495 can lower dog and rat fasting blood glucose concentrations and can improve glucose tolerance whether the glucose is administered orally or parenterally. However, McN-3495, as phenformin, fails to work in totally depancreatized dogs.
Diabetes 1978 Aug
PMID:A pharmacologic profile of McN-3495 [N-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)-N'-phenyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboximidamide], a new, orally effective hypoglycemic agent. 9 77

Alrestatin, a lens aldose reductase inhibitor, decreased i.v. arginine-induced glucagon levels and augmented arginine-stimulated insulin release in the ether anesthetized rat. Alrestatin may then be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, due to its actions on insulin and glucagon, and its capacity to delay the onset of sugar-induced cataracts in the rat.
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PMID:Effect of alrestatin on arginine-induced secretion of glucagon and insulin in the rat. 9 19

The treatment of diabetes is still a problem more than a half-century after the discovery of insulin. Patients are now living significantly longer but until the development of oral hypoglycemic agents, the only direct treatment modalities were exercise, diet, and insulin. Before evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, a therapeutic goal must be determined. While there are no absolutely "hard" facts proving that "good control" is beneficial in preventing chronic complications of diabetes, increasing accumulation of "soft" data strongly suggests that normal blood glucose levels are most desirable, when possible, but not at the cost of severe or disabling hypoglycemic reactions. The development of the oral agents was a great public health advance in that many persons with early diabetes, but fearful of insulin injections, had less dread of "the pills" and sought treatment. The oral agents simplified care but this very simplification process often undermined the need for proper diet and good fundamental care. This often led to mediocre diabetes care. While useful, the oral agents have marked limitations and in some are effective only temporarily. The presently available oral agents are sulfonylureas and require a viable beta-cell system for success. This limits the number of diabetics responsive to such treatment. The general indications for tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide are in maturity-onset diabetics, generally beyond the age of 40 with diabetes of less than 10 years. They are contraindicated in juvenile-onset diabetics, in pregnant women, and usually in patients undergoing major surgery, and can become ineffective during periods of extreme stress or during severe infection. They can lower blood glucose levels if used in proper doses in properly selected patients. Contrary to several decades of documentation, it has become popular to suggest that the oral agents are not effective. They can be effective but for many reasons apparently were not in their use by the U.G.D.P. researchers. This might not be the fault of the oral agent used. If ineffective, they should be discontinued. Many, but not all, patients may respond to diet therapy, which is then the treatment of choice. Obviously insulin, though difficult to use for many persons and in itself able to induce several severe reactions if not used properly, is the only treatment (with diet) for the severe diabetic. There is a large spectrum of patients inbetween in whom the oral agents may be useful. The use of phenformin (phenethyl-biguanide) has been effectively curtailed because of many reported cases of lactic acidosis, and while it is doubtful that phenformin alone, in the absence of complicating factors, is the causative factor, it is capable of being an augmenting influence when other conditions, such as decreased kidney function, prevail...
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PMID:Oral hypoglycemic agent update. 9 75

The availability of C-peptide measurement continues to provide new and useful information about the state of beta cell secretory function and the natural history of diabetes. Measurement of proinsulin is of value in the diagnosis of insulin-secreting tumors.
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PMID:Proinsulin and C-peptide in diabetes. 9 76

Insulin is a major tool in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes in spite of the impossibility of giving it in a physiological way. Dosage must be individualized with the help of mixing short- and longacting types of non-immunogenic insulin preparations. Procedures vary with the stage of the disease, whether at the onset of diabetes, during the remission period or thereafter. Rapid normalization of blood and urine sugar is recommended in the first stage, which may partly preserve beta cell function. After the first two years of diabetes practically all patients require insulin twice daily. To achieve satisfactory metabolic control in diabetic teenagers is difficult and requires an experienced team of paediatricians, nurses, dietitians, psychologists and teachers, as well as informed, motivated and cooperative patients.
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PMID:The use of insulin in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes. General principles. 9 60

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat can be reversed by the transplantation of isogenic islets of Langerhans from neonatal donors. We studied the morphology of intraportally transplanted islets with the aid of the immunoperoxidase staining technique to identify insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 39 weeks, and 65 weeks after transplant. Embolized pancreatic tissue, composed of approximately 80% acini and 20% islets, is initially distributed throughout the liver mainly to terminal branches of the portal system. Endothelialization and organization occur rapidly with the smaller fragments and within the first 4 weeks for larger thrombi. Exocrine pancreatic elements largely disappear as islet cells move into the hepatic lobules from the portal spaces. At 65 weeks after transplant, all islet cell types can be identified within large complex islet structures. The results of this study establish the survival and continued function of all known rat pancreatic islet cell types long after transplantation and support the theory that islet transplantation may represent the most physiologic replacement of hormonal deficiencies in the diabetic recipient.
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PMID:The fate of intraportally transplanted islets in diabetic rats. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study. 9 48

The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.
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PMID:Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats. 10 13

During a prospective screening for proteinuria in diabetic patients, isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria was detected in 2 cases. The first patient, a 52-year-old black female, was seen for evaluation of a slow but progressive weight loss which was attributed to poor adjustment of insulin therapy. The patient gained weight after an increase of the daily insulin administration. She had plasmocytosis in a bone marrow aspirate, but no other evidence of myelomatosis. The second patient, a 59-year-old black male who was seen for routine evaluation of his diabetes, had no clinical or laboratory evidence of myelomatosis. Although precise definition of these cases as "benign" or "idiopathic" Bence-Jones proteinuria is impossible without prolonged follow-up, at the time of presentation they appeared to fit this classification. This observation is one further example that isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria may be seen without any evidence of malignant B-cell dyscrasia.
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PMID:"Idiopathic" Bence-Jones proteinuria. 10 Oct 13


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