Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical reports and descriptions of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP) show great similarities in clinical symptomology. These similarities in the literature suggested the exploration of lipids in sera of CFS, CCFP, and other diseases with the membrane immunobead assay (MIA), which is typically used for screening ciguateric ocean fish. Sera from patients with other diseases, including hepatitis B, cancer, and diabetes, were included to assess the degree of specificity involved. Sera were treated with acetone in a ratio of 1 part serum to 4 parts acetone. The suspension was centrifuged, and the acetone layer was evaporated. The residue was weighed and redissolved in 1.0 mL methanol and tested by the MIA, undiluted and titered to 1:160. The undiluted acetone fraction of the 37 normal showed +/- activity to +activity with 16 no titer, 15 with 1:5 titer and two with 1:10 titer, and four with > or =1:40 titers. One hundred fifteen CFS sera showed 1 with 1+ and 114 with 2+ activity in the undiluted samples, 1 with 1:10 titer, 3 with 1:20 titer, 31 with 1:40 titer, 50 with 1:80 titer, and 30 with 160 titer. Thus 95.6% of the samples had > or =1:40 titer. Eight hepatitis B sera samples had > or =1:40 titers. Four CCFP samples had > or =1:40 titers. Three of 16 cancer samples had 1:40 titer. These data are summarized in Fig. 1. As shown in Table 1, a significant increase (P<0.001) in the chronic phase lipids (CPLs) was shown relative to the normal group. A preliminary chemical study in C18 octadecylsilyl columns showed all fractions (100% chloroform, 9:1 chloroform : methanol, 1:1 chloroform : methanol, and 100% methanol) to contain lipids reactive to MAb-CTX with different intensities. Prostaglandins were shown in 100% methanol fraction. Competitive MIA with crude fish ciguatoxin and CFS with synthetic JKLM ciguatoxin epitope suggested similarities in structure with ciguatoxin. This was compatible with the neuroblastoma assay demonstrated in the C(18) column fractions 9:1 and 1:1, chloroform : methanol solvents.
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PMID:Chronic phase lipids in sera of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), hepatitis B, and cancer with antigenic epitope resembling ciguatoxin, as assessed with MAb-CTX. 1278 62

In light of evidence that diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress and altered antioxidant status, we investigated the effect of Scoparia dulcis plant extracts (SPEt) (aqueous, ethanolic, and chloroform) in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Significant increases in the activities of insulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E were observed in liver, kidney, and brain on treatment with SPEt. In addition, the treated groups also showed significant decreases in blood glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and hydroperoxide formation in tissues, suggesting its role in protection against lipid peroxidation-induced membrane damage. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that extracts of S. dulcis, especially the aqueous extract, showed a modulatory effect by attenuating the above lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetes.
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PMID:Modulatory effect of Scoparia dulcis in oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetic rats. 1497 48

Bauhinia monandra Kurz. is used in Brazil for the treatment of diabetes. Since this activity may be correlated with the presence of antioxidant compounds, leaf extracts of B. monandra were evaluated for their radical scavenging capacity (RSC). An ethanolic extract was taken up in aqueous methanol and partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate to yield three organic extracts together with remaining aqueous extract. The RSC was determined spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH). The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were the most appropriate as sources of antioxidant compounds as shown by their inhibition concentration (IC50) and inhibition percentage (IP) values. The antioxidant activity of such extracts was attributed to the presence of three compounds of different polarities (flavonoids and steroids). The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited an IC50 of approximately 2 mg/g DPPH and IP values in the range of 60-65%. The results indicate that the extracts of B. monandra have a very potent antioxidant activity, compared with the pure catechins used as positive controls and with other plant extracts.
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PMID:Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from Bauhinia monandra. 1524 49

We have previously reported that infection with Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium chabaudi, or injection of extracts from malaria-parasitized red blood cells induces hypoglycemia in normal mice and normalizes the hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice. P yoelii glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) were extracted in chloroform:methanol:water (CMW) (10:10:3), purified by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and tested for their insulin-mimetic activities. The effects of P yoelii GPIs on blood glucose were investigated in insulin-resistant C57BL/ks-db/db diabetic mice. A single intravenous injection of GPIs (9 and 30 nmol/mouse) induced a significant dose-related decrease in blood glucose (P < .001), but insignificantly increased plasma insulin concentrations. A single oral dose of 2.7 micromol GPIs per db/db mouse significantly lowered blood glucose (P < .01). P yoelii GPIs in vitro (0.062 to 1 micromol/L) significantly stimulated lipogenesis in rat adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner both in the presence and absence of 10(-8) mol/L insulin (P < .01). P yoelii GPIs stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDH-Pase) and inhibited both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). P yoelii GPIs had no effect on the activity of the gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This is the first report of the hypoglycemic effect of P yoelii GPIs in murine models of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, P yoelii GPIs demonstrated acute antidiabetic effects in db/db mice and in vitro. We suggest that P yoelii GPIs, when fully characterized, may provide structural information for the synthesis of new drugs for the management of diabetes.
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PMID:Improvement of glucose homeostasis in obese diabetic db/db mice given Plasmodium yoelii glycosylphosphatidylinositols. 1528 Oct 17

The fruit of Momordica charantia (family: Cucurbitacea) is used widely as a hypoglycaemic agent to treat diabetes mellitus (DM). The mechanism of the hypoglycaemic action of M. charantia in vitro is not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of M. charantia juice on either 3H-2-deoxyglucose or N-methyl-amino-a-isobutyric acid (14C-Me-AIB) uptake in L6 rat muscle cells cultured to the myotube stage. The fresh juice was centrifuged at 5000 rpm and the supernatant lyophilised. L6 myotubes were incubated with either insulin (100 nM), different concentrations (1-10 microg ml(-1)) of the juice or its chloroform extract or wortmannin (100 nM) over a period of 1- 6 h. The results were expressed as pmol min(-1) (mg cell protein)(-1), n = 6-8 for each value. Basal 3H-deoxyglucose and 14C-Me-AIB uptakes by L6 myotubes after 1 h of incubation were (means +/- S.E.M.) 32.14 +/- 1.34 and 13.48 +/- 1.86 pmol min(-1) (mg cell protein)(-1), respectively. Incubation of L6 myotubes with 100 nM insulin for 1 h resulted in significant (ANOVA, p < 0.05) increases in 3H-deoxyglucose and 14C-Me-AIB uptakes. Typically, 3H-deoxyglucose and 14C-Me-AIB uptakes in the presence of insulin were 58.57 +/- 4.49 and 29.52 +/- 3.41 pmol min(-1) (mg cell protein(-1)), respectively. Incubation of L6 myotubes with three different concentrations (1, 5 and 10 microg ml(-1)) of either the lyophilised juice or its chloroform extract resulted in time-dependent increases in 3H-deoxy-D-glucose and 14C-Me-AIB uptakes, with maximal uptakes occurring at a concentration of 5 microg ml(-1). Incubation of either insulin or the juice in the presence of wortmannin (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor) resulted in a marked inhibition of 3H-deoxyglucose by L6 myotubes compared to the uptake obtained with either insulin or the juice alone. The results indicate that M. charantia fruit juice acts like insulin to exert its hypoglycaemic effect and moreover, it can stimulate amino acid uptake into skeletal muscle cells just like insulin.
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PMID:Momordica charantia fruit juice stimulates glucose and amino acid uptakes in L6 myotubes. 1536 91

Bergenia ciliata was subjected to bioactivity analysis. The records of these investigations are described in this communication. A study made on the bioactivity analysis of medicinal herb Bergenia ciliata, which in folkloric medicine is used to cure hypoglycemic activity. A battery of assays was performed on different extracts of Bergenia ciliata which include hypoglycemic activities, toxic evaluations such as acute systemic and intracutaneous toxicity as well hemolysis test. Bergenia ciliata has been employed in folklore medicine to treat symptoms of diabetes mellitus. All the extracts except chloroform extract of root and leaves of Bergenia ciliata were found to possess hypoglycemic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats. Therefore the plant can be classified as hypoglycemic, hypoglycemic activity in experimental diabetes ranging from 40-70% of its onset to reduce blood glucose level. The toxicological investigations of Bergenia ciliata with particular reference to acute systematic toxicity and intracutaneous toxicity in experimental animals displayed that it elicit severe toxicity. The symptoms of toxicity in intracutaneous test showed erythema and edema whereas assessment of acute systemic toxicity frequently observed breathing problem and initiations of diarrhea with blood in stool of experimental model and caused gastero-intestinal syndrome. Bergenia ciliata can produce toxicity suggesting a role in certain diseases. It is therefore, premature to speculate about mechanism of effect until toxin(s) is unequivocally identified. The hemolysis test on the extract of Bergenia ciliata was almost devoid of activity.
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PMID:Bioactivity evaluation of Bergenia ciliata. 1641 65

Ocimum sanctum leaves have previously been reported to reduce blood glucose when administered to rats and humans with diabetes. In the present study, the effects of ethanol extract and five partition fractions of O. sanctum leaves were studied on insulin secretion together with an evaluation of their mechanisms of action. The ethanol extract and each of the aqueous, butanol and ethylacetate fractions stimulated insulin secretion from perfused rat pancreas, isolated rat islets and a clonal rat beta-cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. The stimulatory effects of ethanol extract and each of these partition fractions were potentiated by glucose, isobutylmethylxanthine, tolbutamide and a depolarizing concentration of KCl. Inhibition of the secretory effect was observed with diazoxide, verapamil and Ca2+ removal. In contrast, the stimulatory effects of the chloroform and hexane partition fractions were associated with decreased cell viability and were unaltered by diazoxide and verapamil. The ethanol extract and the five fractions increased intracellular Ca2+ in clonal BRIN-BD11 cells, being partly attenuated by the addition of verapamil. These findings indicated that constituents of O. sanctum leaf extracts have stimulatory effects on physiological pathways of insulin secretion which may underlie its reported antidiabetic action.
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PMID:Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts stimulate insulin secretion from perfused pancreas, isolated islets and clonal pancreatic beta-cells. 1661 87

The phyto-constituents of Gymnema sylvestre are used in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. The present work reports on the extraction of gymnemic acid through gymnemagenin from callus cultures of G. sylvestre. Components were separated on pre-coated silica gel 60 GF254 plates with chloroform:methanol (8:2) and scanned using a densitometric scanner at 205 nm in the near-UV region. Linearity of determination of gymnemagenin was observed in the range 2-10 microg. The average percentage recovery of gymnemagenin from leaf callus extracts was 98.9+/-0.3.
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PMID:Extraction and quantification of gymnemic acids through gymnemagenin from callus cultures of Gymnema sylvestre. 1714 49

Asparagus racemosus root has previously been reported to reduce blood glucose in rats and rabbits. In the present study, the effects of the ethanol extract and five partition fractions of the root of A. racemosus were evaluated on insulin secretion together with exploration of their mechanisms of action. The ethanol extract and each of the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate partition fractions concentration-dependently stimulated insulin secretion in isolated perfused rat pancreas, isolated rat islet cells and clonal beta-cells. The stimulatory effects of the ethanol extract, hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate partition fractions were potentiated by glucose, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine IBMX, tolbutamide and depolarizing concentration of KCl. Inhibition of A. racemosus-induced insulin release was observed with diazoxide and verapamil. Ethanol extract and five fractions increased intracellular Ca(2+), consistent with the observed abolition of insulin secretory effects under Ca(2+) -free conditions. These findings reveal that constituents of A. racemosus root extracts have wide-ranging stimulatory effects on physiological insulinotropic pathways. Future work assessing the use of this plant as a source of active components may provide new opportunities for diabetes therapy.
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PMID:Insulin secretory actions of extracts of Asparagus racemosus root in perfused pancreas, isolated islets and clonal pancreatic beta-cells. 1721 Jul 53

Methods for the isolation and quantitation of cholesterol involve time-consuming chromatographic procedures coupled with the development and measurement of color complexes. The intensity of most color complexes varies with time. This study was undertaken to develop a UV spectrophotometric method to measure cholesterol concentration in plasma lipoprotein fractions. The developed method compared favorably with other methods (chemical and enzymatic) and was then used to investigate the effects of diabetes and hypothyroidism on the lipoprotein cholesterol in rats. Lipoprotein fractions from fasted rats were obtained by gradient ultracentrifugation. Aliquots of the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) layers were extracted into chloroform-methanol-water. Following hydrolysis of lipid extracts, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in ethanol and read in the UV recording spectrophotometer. At 203 nm, a linear relationship between optical density and concentration of cholesterol was obtained. The results obtained with the new method were compared with those obtained using chemical and enzymatic methods and the statistical difference among the methods was insignificant (p>0.05). From the results of our comparative studies of the methods, it was concluded that the UV method is valid for measuring cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions. The method has the advantage being rapid, nondestructive and cost-effective.
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PMID:Application of an ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic method for measuring lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic hypothyroid rats. 1753 Nov 64


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