Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A quantitative investigation of the retinal blood vessels was carried out in 80 diabetics and 20 metabolically healthy controls of the same age and sex distribution. The blood vessels were isolated by trypsinization, stained with PAS, and analyzed by light microscopy. After 1-5 years' duration of diabetes mellitus, capillary lesions in the ocular fundus can be seen microscopically in the slides, but not with a stereomicroscope. In the retinae of persons with normal carbohydrate metabolism, capillary defects were found to a far lesser extent; they were also always localized in the periphery of the retina, whereas the diabetic lesions were localized in the retinal center. In the diabetics, both capillary lesions (e.g., loss of pericytes) and damage of the retinal neurons occurred nearly simultaneously and with the same retinal localization. This suggests that the capillary lesions are not the cause of neuronal degeneration but that both events are caused by the same mechanisms of pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Morphometric analysis of retinal blood vessels in retinopathia diabetica. 400 10

Renal tubular lesions have been studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 50 days of diabetes and compared with age-matched controls. The kidney weight increased by 67% in the diabetic animals and the length of the proximal tubules increased by 22%, but no abnormalities were found. The length of the distal tubules increased by 20% and the total increase was due to abnormal distal tubules. These abnormalities were confined to the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla, but they were not seen in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. Abnormal cells were found also in the distal tubular cells of the macula densa. The total length of the collecting ducts was the same in the two groups and the cells appeared normal. The cells of the abnormal distal tubules appeared either empty or full of a PAS-positive material, digestable with alpha-amylase. At the electron microscope level, the cytoplasm of the cells contained glycogen-like granules, strikingly few organelles and the basal infoldings were greatly reduced. It is suggested that these tubular lesions might play a role in the development of renal functional changes in diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Tubular lesions in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 623 20

We previously described a cohort of diabetic patients with typical congestive cardiomyopathy, in whom myocardial lesions were related to concomitant high blood pressure. To evaluate the association of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in more detail, we studied 4 groups of rats with either no disease, streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renovascular hypertension, or a combination of hypertension and diabetes. Analysis revealed significant myocardial fibrosis and degeneration in the hypertensive-diabetic group when compared to controls, without an obvious relationship to small vessel lesions. The myocardial alterations appeared similar to those observed in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Of note, although hypertensive animals had focal moderate lesions, diabetic animals had no pathological changes. To further characterize these histological changes, we performed electron microscopy on the 4 animal groups, which we are reporting in this study. Our analysis of the ultrastructural alterations confirms the previous histological observations. Diabetic animals only had increased cellular lipid, and mild, focal areas of myofibrillolysis, with no significant increases in perivascular and perisarcolemmal basal lamina. Consistent with our light microscopic finding that PAS positive material was associated with interstitial or replacement fibrosis, we noted basal lamina proliferation in the hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic groups, particularly in areas of scarring. Pericapillary basal lamina was increased to the greatest extent in the hypertensive-diabetics. Qualitative alterations of myocardial cells and muscular blood vessels were similar in both the hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic animals; however, there were more extensive changes in the latter group. This study provides further evidence that the combination of diabetes mellitus and hypertension produces significantly greater myocardial lesions than with either disease alone, not only at the light microscopic level, but ultrastructurally as well. Although the pathogenesis of this cardiomyopathy is unknown it may be related to abnormalities of the cardiac microcirculation. The prevalence of hypertension in the diabetic population suggests that greater attention should be paid to the combination of these 2 conditions and their effects on the heart.
 ...
PMID:Hypertensive diabetic cardiomyopathy in the rat: ultrastructural features. 640 41

The relationship between metabolic control and glycogen lymphocyte content in diabetes mellitus, was studied. 30 insulin-treated and 30 type II diabetic subjects were evaluated with 40 age and sex matched normal controls. Glycaemic control was evaluated by a fasting and 2 h post-prandial plasma glucose and by glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb). Glycogen lymphocyte content was determined by calculation of the PAS-positive Index of the lymphocytes (PIL) according to Skrabalo. While fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose values were significantly higher in insulin-treated than in type II diabetes (p less than 0.001), no differences in GHb values were observed between the two groups (10.31 +/- 0.23% vs 9.80 +/- 0.36%). The mean PIL values were not different in these two groups (0.11 +/- 0.01 vs 0.12 +/- 0.02), but they were significantly higher when compared with control values (0.03 +/- 0.004, p less than 0.001), PIL was positively correlated with GHb in both insulin-treated (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001) and type II diabetes (r = 0.55, p less than 0.001). A correlation between PIL and plasma glucose values was observed only in the insulin-treated group and was weaker (p less than 0.005). No correlation was observed between glycogen lymphocyte content and glucose tolerance in the control group. These data confirm that diabetes mellitus is characterized by a significant increase of PAS-positive lymphocyte content and that it correlates well with glycaemic control.
 ...
PMID:P.A.S. positive index of lymphocytes and metabolic control in insulin-treated and type II diabetes mellitus. 665 56

A 35-years old female with Jordans' anomaly was reported. She had been treated for diabetes mellitus and hypertension at another hospital. She was admitted to our hospital for operation for diabetic retinopathy on July 9, 1992. Wright-Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear revealed multiple vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the granulocytes and monocytes. Histochemical studies of these vacuoles showed positive for Sudan III but negative for peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and PAS staining. Electron microscopic examination revealed that lipid containing vacuoles had no clear membrane and were not associated with cell organelles. Laboratory findings of the serum showed hyperglycemia (FBS 188mg/dl), high HbA1c level (9.4%) and mild type IIa hyperlipidemia. Abdominal sonogram and abdominal CT showed no remarkable abnormalities except for mild fatty liver. Her elder sister and daughter had similar morphological findings in granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes.
 ...
PMID:[A case of Jordans' anomaly]. 786 17

The eSS rat is a model of human spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Male eSS rats were divided at the age of 4 months into two groups (eSSA and eSSB), both receiving the usual commercial balanced diet with sucrose also made available to eSSA. Sucrose intake did not imply a higher caloric diet, and no differences were found between groups in body weight and plasma triglyceride levels from 6 to 12 months of age. Sucrose option resulted in lower protein, lipid and carbohydrate intakes in eSSA animals. Plasma glucose values were higher in eSSA at different times of the tolerance curve. Likewise, eSSA kidneys showed significantly higher capsular and glomerular diameters and there was a discrete PAS-positive thickening of their basement membrane. We conclude that prolonged ad libitum sucrose intake, without weight gain, causes a moderate metabolic impairment and renal lesions in the eSS diabetic rat.
 ...
PMID:Effects of dietary sucrose option on the diabetic syndrome of the eSS rat. 796 Jun 89

Arterial hypertension has been identified as a major secondary risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. However, the mechanisms by which hypertension worsens retinopathy are unknown. Inhibition of advanced glycation product formation prevents the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy in normotensive diabetic rats. In this study the effect of hypertension on the rate of diabetic retinopathy development and the formation of arteriolar thrombosis was evaluated. We also evaluated the effect of aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation and product formation on retinal pathology of diabetic hypertensive rats. After 26 weeks of diabetes, hypertension accelerated the development of retinopathy despite a lower mean blood glucose level than in the non-hypertensive group (diabetic spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) 16.00 +/- 6.83 mmol/l; diabetic normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) 34.9 +/- 3.64 mmol/l; p < 0.0001). Diabetic SHR had nearly twice as many acellular capillaries as diabetic WKY (SHR diabetic: 91.9 +/- 7.5 acellular capillaries per mm2 of retinal area vs WKY diabetic: 53.7 +/- 8.5 acellular capillaries per mm2 of retinal area), and a 3.8-fold increase in the number of arteriolar microthromboses (SHR diabetic 23,504 +/- 5523 microns2 vs SHR non-diabetic 6228 +/- 2707 microns2). Aminoguanidine treatment of SHR diabetic rats reduced the number of acellular capillaries by 50%, and completely prevented both arteriolar deposition of PAS-positive material and abnormal microthrombus formation. These data suggest that hypertension-induced deposition of glycated proteins in the retinal vasculature plays a central role in the acceleration of diabetic retinopathy by hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Aminoguanidine inhibits the development of accelerated diabetic retinopathy in the spontaneous hypertensive rat. 815 Feb 27

Although several strains of Candida can infect the oral mucosa, the most commonly encountered oral fungal infection is Candida albicans, which may be highly infective because of its greater level of pathogenicity and adherence properties. C. albicans is an oral commensal in as many as 40% to 65% of healthy adult mouths. The papillated dorsal surface of the tongue and palatal mucosa beneath a maxillary denture are favored reservoir sites. Oral candidal infection almost always involves a compromised host. The compromise may be local or systemic. Local factors include decreased salivation and the weaning of dentures. Systemic factors include diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, and AIDS. Some have even implicated advanced age and the female gender as being mild predisposing factors. Furthermore, the C. albicans infection itself can depress a host's immune system. A patient with oral candidiasis can present with one or more of the following clinical forms: pseudomembranous, erythematous, hyperplastic, and denture erythematous. Many investigators accept median rhomboid glossitis as a form of chronic oral candidiasis. In some patients with angular cheilitis, genesis of the lesions is secondary to monilial infestation. Because C. albicans is a normal inhabitant in many mouths, diagnostic confirmation of infection often rests with successful response (i.e., resolution of lesions) to antifungal medications. This form of diagnostic confirmation can be further enhanced by culturing the offending microbe, preparing a fungal smear, or even incisional biopsy. The microscopic demonstration of fungal hyphae is highly diagnostic of the candidal infection, whether the hyphae are demonstrated on a PAS smear or on a biopsy within surface stratified squamous epithelium. Numerous medications exist for the treatment of oral candidiasis. They include the antibiotic nystatin as well as clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Nystatin is safe and is used as a topical agent in rinse or pastille forms. Clotrimazole is used as a topical agent in lozenge form; it is highly effective but can cause liver enzyme changes. Ketoconazole, which is usually prescribed systemically, is highly effective but also capable of causing adverse liver changes. Chlorhexidine can be used as an oral rinse or as a disinfectant for dentures.
 ...
PMID:Fungal infections of the oral cavity. 829 Feb 82

A huge hepatomegaly was seen in a 30-yr-old female diabetic who was treated with high dose of insulin for her uncontrollable food ingestion. The liver function at the peak of the hepatic enlargement showed a moderate increase of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The histology of the enlarged liver revealed PAS-positive granules in enlarged hepatocytes, indicating the presence of massive glycogen storage. On admission, she was maintained under a calorie-restricted diet and received approximately 15 to 20 units per day of insulin supplement. At one month after admission, a marked shrinkage of her enlarged liver and restoration of normal liver function were observed concomitantly with the return of fair control of her blood sugar levels. One year later, she had an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis which subsequently was treated with a continuous low-dose infusion of insulin; however, she showed neither hepatomegaly nor liver dysfunction during this episode. There have been 20 cases reported of Japanese diabetics with marked hepatomegaly, in whom the vigorous treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin seemed to be a trigger of the enlarged liver. This has occurred mostly in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We present a case of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with glycogen storage hepatomegaly, presumably due to excessive insulin supplements. This suggests that glycogen storage hepatomegaly in diabetics may not be only due to an acute restoration from diabetic ketoacidosis, but may also be due to an overinsulinization in an attempt to maintain a euglycemic condition in spite of excess food intake.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes mellitus-associated glycogen storage hepatomegaly: report of a case and review of the Japanese literature. 835 83

We developed an animal model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a genetically obese rat strain, Wistar fatty. These rats show obesity-related features such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipemia, and only males develop diabetic features including hyperglycemia, glucoseuria and polyuria as they age. Histopathological study demonstrated a deposition of PAS-positive granules in the epithelial cells and a diffuse thickening of the mesangial area and moderate changes of the renal tubules. We found that ICAM-1 is expressed on the glomeruli of male Wistar fatty rats and the expression is associated with the development of nephropathy; it is weak at 5 weeks, becomes markedly strong at 15 weeks and progresses further at 29 weeks of age. We tried in vivo administration of monoclonal antibody, anti-ICAM-1 alone or together with anti-LFA-1 into male Wistar fatty rats during the period from 5 weeks to 17 weeks of age. The treatment, however, could not prevent the development of nephropathy. ICAM-1 expressed on the glomeruli of Wistar fatty rats seems not to play a key role in development of the nephropathy by mediating leukocyte infiltration. It will be a useful marker of the development of the disease.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996 Apr
PMID:Expression of ICAM-1 on glomeruli is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy in a genetically obese diabetic rat, Wistar fatty. 880 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>