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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sand rats (Psammomys obesus) maintained on a diet providing a free choice between laboratory chow and salt bush (Atriplex halimus) were classified into four groups differing in extent of the diabetic syndrome: A, normoglycemic-normoinsulinemic; B, normoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic; C, hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic; or D, hyperglycemic with reduced insulin levels. The metabolic pattern of these groups was characterized by measuring the uptake of fatty acid-labeled, very-low-density lipoprotein-borne triglycerides (VLDL-TG) and [3H]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) into muscle and adipose tissues; incorporation of [14C]alanine into glycogen in vivo; gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, and alanine in hepatocytes; the effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis from glucose; the oxidation of albumin-bound [1-14C]palmitate and [14C]glucose in strips of soleus muscle; activities of muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase; and activities of rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis in liver. In group A, uptake of VLDL-TG and activity of lipoprotein lipase were higher in adipose tissue and lower in muscle than in albino rats. In the liver, gluconeogenesis and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, as well as lipid synthesis and the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, were higher than in albino rats, whereas activity of pyruvate kinase was lower. In group B, uptake of VLDL-TG by adipose tissue and muscle and lipoprotein lipase activity were similar or higher than in group A. Uptake of 2-DOG by muscle and adipose tissue and activity of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were lower than in group A. In groups C and D, uptake of VLDL-TG and lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle were further increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1986 Jun
PMID:Characterization of stages in development of obesity-diabetes syndrome in sand rat (Psammomys obesus). 351 25

A 35 year old markedly underweight woman presented with uncontrolled diabetes. Following insulin therapy she developed gross fluid retention with extensive peripheral oedema, bilateral pleural effusions and weight gain of 18.8 kg in 22 days, accompanied by a fall in plasma albumin. She responded well to treatment with diuretics and salt-poor albumin, losing 10.3 kg in 6 days without recurrence of oedema. Severe insulin oedema is an uncommon complication of insulin therapy and may be due to effects of insulin on both vascular permeability and the renal tubule.
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PMID:Insulin oedema. 352 68

Treatment of pyo-inflammatory diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus should be complex, individual and controlled. Obligatory total and local examinations of the organism should be performed with the involvement of cytological, histological bacteriological methods and with determination of alterations of the carbohydrate, protein, water-salt, electrolytic metabolism, acid-base state and non-specific resistance of the organism. It was shown that diadynamophoresis of proteolytic enzymes, sodium thiosulfate, potassium permanganate in the treatment of pyo-destructive diseases in 362 patients with diabetes mellitus accelerated necrolysis of tissues, shortened time of cleaning the wound and thus made the period of treatment at the hospital shorter.
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PMID:[Diadynamophoresis of chemical and biologically active substances in the treatment of suppurative and inflammatory diseases in diabetes mellitus]. 353 2

Although no absolute certainty exists about the role of nutrition in the etiology of cancer, many facts in favor of the relationship became available during the last decades. Correlation studies, experimental work and to a lesser extent case-control studies made it possible to clarify the role of certain nutrients and foods in carcinogenesis. The most important cancer sites where nutrition could play a role are esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate and breast. Esophageal cancer is of a very complex etiology, in which alcohol intake plays an important role, at least in western countries. The cancer-promoting properties of alcohol intake are enhanced by smoking. Three factors from nutrition are probably related to stomach cancer, namely salt, nitrate/nitrite and vitamin C. Salt is caustic to the stomach mucosa, resulting in atrophic gastritis. Salt is also co-carcinogenic and stomach cancer-promoting in experimental animals. Nitrate is probably important at the stage of atrophic gastritis, where bacterial overgrowth, due to the high pH, converts nitrates in nitrites, making the loco synthesis possible of potent nitrosocarcinogens. Vitamin C inhibits the latter step. The epidemiological evidence for the role of those factors is provided. The most important among them is the strong and consistent association of stomach cancer mortality with stroke. Rectum, colon, prostate and breast cancer are related in some way to fat intake. They all seem positively related to saturated fat intake, whereas breast cancer is probably also promoted by polyunsaturated fat intake. However, polyunsaturated fat seems to be without effect on rectum cancer. Colon and prostate cancer are probably also influenced by polyunsaturated fat but to a lesser degree than breast cancer. An important argument for this are the positive ecological correlations between changes in rectum, colon and breast cancer mortality from 1968 on, and changes occurring in coronary heart diseases, stroke and diabetes mortality. Those six types of mortality are decreasing, or only slightly increasing in the USA, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, etc. They are strongly increasing in East European countries. The intake of saturated fat has generally decreased in the first group of countries, and has markedly increased in the second group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer. 353 16

Calcium channel blockers seem to be particularly suitable for elderly hypertensive patients since these agents do not cause salt and fluid retention, postural hypotension, sedation, depression, or biochemical abnormalities. Moreover, their use is compatible with several common diseases of old age, such as diabetes, obstructive lung disease, and peripheral vascular disease. We recently conducted a study in 21 patients (average age, 79 +/- 2 years) who completed an eight-week trial with 20-mg nifedipine tablets taken twice daily. Mean blood pressure decreased from 191 +/- 2/96 +/- 2 mm Hg to 151 +/- 4/80 +/- 3 mm Hg. In 15 patients (71 percent), blood pressure decreased to less than or equal to 160/90 mm Hg; in four additional patients (19 percent), diastolic blood pressure decreased by 15 to 25 percent. Thus, there was a sustained lowering of blood pressure in 90 percent of the participants receiving nifedipine monotherapy. A review of recent studies in elderly hypertensive patients revealed similarly favorable results with calcium channel blockers given alone or in combination with other agents. The accumulating data suggest that these compounds may offer a useful new approach to the treatment of hypertension in old age. However, in these studies, the number of patients and the duration of follow-up need to be extended to confirm the favorable impression obtained thus far.
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PMID:Calcium channel blockers in the management of hypertension in the elderly. 354 97

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits that promote them, signs of preclinical disease and host susceptibility. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure and glucose tolerance. An increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol level is positively related, and an increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol level is inversely related, to cardiovascular disease incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes greatly. The impact of diabetes is greater for women than men and varies depending on the level of the foregoing risk factors. An atherogenic lifestyle is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat and salt, sedentary habits, unrestrained weight gain and smoking. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 and in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk as are men married to women in white collar jobs. Preclinical signs of compromised coronary circulation include silent myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram, blocked intraventricular conduction and repolarization abnormalities. An electrocardiogram obtained during exercise may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history, history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and gout. Optimal prediction of risk requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations to identify high risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities.
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PMID:Status of risk factors and their consideration in antihypertensive therapy. 354 87

Brattleboro rats lacking vasopressin have an elevated plasma osmolality and a stimulated renin-angiotensin system relative to Long-Evans rats (LE). The current studies were performed to elucidate the factors controlling water and salt intake in the Brattleboro rat with diabetes insipidus (DI). DI and LE rats were given the choice of water and saline solutions ranging from 0.1-1.0% to assess palatability, dialyzed with isotonic glucose to test for sodium appetite after sodium depletion, and infused intracranially with an angiotensin II analogue (saralasin) to assess the role of angiotensin II in spontaneous salt and water intake. DI rats exhibited spontaneous salt intake which was not significantly different from LE rats and increased their intake of 3.0% NaCl following sodium depletion, although less reliably than LE rats. A significant proportion of those DI rats not developing a sodium appetite showed attenuation of their diabetes following dialysis. No evidence for involvement of angiotensin II in spontaneous salt and water intake was found.
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PMID:Salt and water intake in Brattleboro rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 356 52

A previously validated in vitro technique was used to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the intestinal uptake of cholesterol from various micellar bile salt solutions. The bile salts studied included cholic (C), taurocholic (TC), glycocolic (GC), chenodeoxycholic (CDC), taurochenodeoxycholic (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic (GCDC), deoxycholic (DC), taurodeoxycholic (TDC), and glycodeoxycholic (GDC). In control rats there was a reciprocal decline in cholesterol uptake with increasing concentrations of these nine bile acids, and cholesterol uptake was greater from the conjugated primary bile acids than from the unconjugated ones. With a 5 mM concentration of bile acids, the ratios of the uptake of 0.2 mM cholesterol in control rats were C = CDC = DC, TCDC greater than TC greater than TDC, and GC = GCDC greater than GDC; with 20 mM concentrations, the ratios of cholesterol uptake in control rats were C greater than CDC greater than DC, TC greater than TCDC greater than TDC, and GC = GCDC greater than GDC. In the diabetic animals cholesterol uptake was higher than in control rats when using 5 or 20 mM of each of the conjugated bile acids and with cholic acid. In contrast, cholesterol uptake was similar in diabetic and control animals when cholesterol was solubilized with 5 or 20 mM CDC or DC. These differences in cholesterol uptake using the various bile acids and the failure of CDC and DC to facilitate the enhanced uptake of cholesterol in diabetic animals remains unexplained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diabetes and intestinal cholesterol uptake from bile salt solutions. 362 Oct 48

A comparative study of hypertension, and indicators of and risk factors for coronary heart disease was undertaken in samples of rural Wallisians of Wallis Island, and first generation Wallisian migrants in the urban centre of Noumea, New Caledonia. Approximately 20% of the adult population of the two communities was included in the study. Higher mean blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in Wallisians in Noumea compared to those in Wallis was documented. There was no significant rise in blood pressure with age in rural Wallisian males. Wallisians in Noumea tended to be more obese than those in Wallis (particularly females). Although differences in the extent of obesity appeared to explain some of the differences in blood pressure between populations of Wallis and Noumea, other environmental factors (such as salt intake) are probably important. There was a trend for a higher prevalence of Q wave changes on the ECG in urbanized Wallisians compared to their rural counterparts. There was no significant or consistent differences in plasma lipid concentrations between the two groups. The prevalence of diabetes was 7 and 4 times higher in Noumea compared to Wallis for males and females respectively. Differences in diabetes and hypertension prevalence are more likely to account for the variation in ischaemic heart disease than plasma lipid levels.
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PMID:Hypertension and indicators of coronary heart disease in Wallis Polynesians: an urban-rural comparison. 365 53

Dichloroacetate (DCA) reduces blood glucose, lactate and lipids in diabetes or during fasting. Chronic use of DCA, however, is limited by toxicity, probably due in part to its rapid conversion to oxalate in vivo. In theory, therefore, DCA's efficacy may be retained and its toxicity minimized by controlling its rate of metabolism. We attempted to alter DCA pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by synthesizing various derivatives comprising DCA esters with polyols and DCA ionic complexes. Twenty-four hour fasted, nondiabetic rats received single, orogastric doses of saline (control) sodium DCA (100mg/kg) or the following derivatives (D1-4): the esters D1-D3: potassium tetra (dichloroacetyl) glucuronate (D1), inositol-monophosphate-tetradichloroacetate (D2), inositol-hexadichloroacetate (D3) and inositol-hexa [N-methylnicotinate] hexadichloroacetate salt (D4). Each derivative was administered at a dose that would ultimately provide 100 mg/kg DCA as the anion. All derivatives were orally effective in significantly decreasing blood glucose and lactate. D4 exerted the most potent and long-lasting glucose- and lactate-lowering effects, yet increased plasma DCA concentrations less than an equivalent dose of the sodium salt. When administered to reverse light-cycled rats, D4 markedly inhibited the incorporation of tritiated water into cholesterol and triglycerides. We conclude that derivatives of DCA retain the biological activity of the parent compound, but may exhibit different pharmacokinetics. They may eventually prove useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and lactic acidosis in man.
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PMID:Dichloroacetate derivatives. Metabolic effects and pharmacodynamics in normal rats. 366 16


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