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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent changes in management and medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus have produced a need to retrain many practicing dietitians. To meet this need, a multidisciplinary group experienced in medical nutrition therapy and educational methods used a formal needs-assessment process to design a new training program. Sugar is Not a Poison (SNAP): The Dietitian's New Role in Diabetes Management is a 2 1/2-day program that uses written text, didactic presentation, and exercises that simulate patient encounters to accomplish 12 learning objectives. Program evaluations show high levels of participant satisfaction. Mean (+/- standard deviation) scores on pre- and postests of knowledge and problem solving were 69 +/- 13% and 86 +/- 9%, respectively (P < 0.01). The SNAP program needs assessment, training methods, and knowledge problem-solving test are relevant to all types of education programs in clinical dietetics.
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PMID:Diabetes training for dietitians: needs assessment, program description, and effects on knowledge and problem solving. 1067 Mar 96

The relative importance of sorbitol formation versus nonenzymatic glycosylation and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) on sugar cataract formation was examined in diabetic rats. Diabetes was experimentally induced in young, 50 g rats with streptozotocin, and aldose reductase inhibitors were administered in the diet for up to 8 weeks at concentrations of 0.06% for tolrestat or ponalrestat and 0.0125% for AL-1576. Cataract formation was monitored by hand-held slit lamp for up to 11 weeks. Lens polyol levels were monitored by GLC, glycosylated protein levels were spectrophotometrically determined, and AGE products were estimated by fluorescence measurements and ELISA. Sugar cataract formation was observed in all untreated diabetic rats while cataract formation was inhibited in all diabetic rats treated with the AR inhibitors. Lens sorbitol levels were reduced in all ARI-treated rats. Glycosylated lens protein levels were elevated in the diabetic rats, and these levels were not significantly lower in the non-cataractous lenses from ARI-treated diabetic rats. Fluorescence measurements of the lens proteins revealed increased lens AGE levels in all diabetic rats, and these were slightly reduced in the aldose reductase inhibitor treated diabetics. With ELISA, immunoreactive AGEs were only detected in cataractous lenses from the untreated diabetic rats. Immunoreactive AGEs were not detected in the clear lenses of the aldose reductase inhibitor treated diabetics or in the non-diabetic controls. These results support the concept that sugar cataract formation is initiated by the aldose reductase catalyzed intracellular accumulation of polyols and that these sugar cataracts can be prevented through inhibition of aldose reductase.
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PMID:Relative importance of aldose reductase versus nonenzymatic glycosylation on sugar cataract formation in diabetic rats. 1080 25

To investigate the characteristic features of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were fed with or without sucrose and/or an aldose reductase inhibitor, [5-(3-thienyl) tetrazol-1-yl] acetic acid (TAT), for 24 weeks, and physiological, biochemical and morphological assessments were performed. Sucrose administration caused remarkable hyperglycemia in OLETF rats but not in LETO rats. Sucrose-fed OLETF rats demonstrated delayed nerve conduction velocity, decreased coefficient of variation of R-R interval, reduced sciatic nerve blood flow, increased platelet aggregation activity, a lower concentration of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in sciatic nerves, compared with the non-sucrose-fed OLETF and LETO rats. TAT prevented all these deficits except hyperglycemia. Sorbitol and fructose accumulation and myo-inositol depletion in tail nerves of sucrose-fed OLETF rats were ameliorated by TAT. Myelinated fiber size and density in sural nerves of sucrose-fed OLETF rats were decreased and increased, respectively, compared with non-sucrose-fed OLETF and LETO rats. These morphological abnormalities were normalized by TAT. These observations suggest that the sucrose-fed OLETF rat developed diabetic neuropathy not only electrophysiologically but also histologically, and that an aldose reductase inhibitor, TAT, possesses therapeutic value for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001 Jan
PMID:Physiological and morphometric analyses of neuropathy in sucrose-fed OLETF rats. 1113 77

Sugar level in blood, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), 2,3-BPG content, HbA1C and the phenotype of haptoglobin were studied in 180 patients with lung tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. The increased (2-4.2-fold) blood sugar level was found in 77.2% patients. It was accompanied by decreased activity of LDH (by 1.3-1.7 times), G-6-PDH (by 15-45% in 87% patients). In patients with various haptoglobin phenotypes the content of HbA1C and 2.3-BPG was increased by 1.5-1.7 and 2-3 times, respectively. Clear differences in the studied parameters were found in patients with various phenotypes of haptoglobin (Hp). The most serious impairments of the studied parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were found in untreated patients with homozygote Hp phenotypes 2-2 and 1-1. Alterations found in the present study can be used for evaluating the depth of impairments of the carbohydrate metabolism in patients with combination of lung tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Features of disruption of certain components of carbohydrate metabolism in a combination of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus in people with haptoglobin phenotypes]. 1123 85

A sucrose-rich diet, as compared with a similar starch diet, induces a time-dependent typical noninsulin-dependent diabetes syndrome characterized by insulin resistance in rats. Within the first 3 wk, there was glucose intolerance associated with hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high plasma FFA. In this study, we examined the effect of the sucrose-rich diet vs. the starch diet during short- (3 wk) and longterm treatment (6 mon) on hepatic delta9, delta6, and delta5 desaturases. These enzymes modulate monounsaturated FA and PUFA biosynthesis, respectively. Sucrose feeding (3 wk) caused an initial hyperinsulinemia that was normalized within 6 mon. In the early period (3 wk), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) mRNA and activity were decreased, whereas delta6 desaturase mRNA abundance and delta6 and delta5 desaturase activities remained unchanged. After 6 mon of sucrose feeding, activities of the delta9, delta6, and delta5 desaturases were each increased. The SCD-1 and delta6 desaturase mRNA were also correspondingly higher. These increases were consistent with an increase in oleic acid, the 20:4/18:2 ratio, and 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 acids in liver and muscle lipids. On the other hand, the percentage of 22:6n-3 acid was decreased. In conclusion, a sucrose-rich diet after 6 mon induces an increase in rat liver SCD-1 and delta6 desaturase mRNA and enzymatic activities that are opposite to the changes reported in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It appears that neither blood insulin levels nor insulin resistance is a factor affecting the delta9, delta6, and delta5 desaturase changes in mRNA and activity found with the sucrose-rich diet.
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PMID:Desaturase activities in rat model of insulin resistance induced by a sucrose-rich diet. 1450 36

The OLETF rat develops microangiopathic complications similar to human diabetes and is considered a useful model of Type 2 DM. Erythrocyte, platelet and leucocyte abnormalities described in diabetic patients are thought to play a role in the development of diabetic microangiopathy. This study was designed to investigate whether OLETF rats show hematological alterations and the effect of sucrose treatment on metabolic and blood parameters. Hematological parameters, body weight, food and water intake, fasting and non-fasting blood glucose (BG) and HbA1c were measured in OLETF rats treated for two months with 30% sucrose added to drinking water. Non-treated OLETF rats and non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were used as controls. In the control OLETF rats the number of platelets (Plt) and red blood cells (RBC) was higher, while the mean cell volume (MCV) and the mean cell hemoglobin content (MCH) were lower compared with LETO. Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was significantly higher in the diabetic rats. Sucrose administration decreased food intake and body weight and increased fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. It resulted in a decrease of RBC, Hb, Hct, MCV and MCH compared with control OLETF, while Plt count increased significantly. Our results point to significant alterations in erythrocyte count and morphology and Plt count in diabetic OLETF rats compared with non-diabetic LETO. Sucrose administration accelerated the development of diabetes, affected blood cells inducing the suppression of RBC and an increase in Plt count and some of its effects persisted after sucrose withdrawal.
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PMID:Hematological alterations in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats--a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1457 Jan 51

Attempts to increase the number of African-Americans participating in clinical trials, regardless of age, have been hampered by a lack of published data regarding successful recruitment and retention strategies. Successful strategies can be used as a guide for future researchers in the design of studies to recruit African-Americans, regardless of age, into clinical as well as qualitative studies to promote health among this vulnerable population. The goal of the primary study was to recruit 400 families with 2 or more family members affected with diabetes, totaling 800 participants. Project Sugar utilized the coordinated research principals known as CPR (Community, Plan, Reward) to recruit 615 African-American families totalling 1,230 people known as the Sea Island people (Gullahs) in the first five years of the study. The intention of the study was to identify markers for diabetes among these Sea Island natives who tended to be genetically homogenous. In so doing, specific strategies were identified as serendipitous findings for this study. Nonetheless, these serendipitous findings were thought to be so integral to success in the recruitment of African-Americans, mainly because of their success among this fairly close-knit, historically isolated, and significantly genetically homogenous Sea Islanders (Gullah). In recognizing the success of this model, an alternate aim was examined to devise rigorous scientific strategies to promote methods for recruitment of African-Americans into clinical trials aimed at reducing health disparities among this vulnerable population. This projects success can be attributed to the involvement of a local citizen advisory committee and rewards in the form of services, benefits, and incentives to the community. Findings from this alternative aim, which was scientifically built on the CPR model, suggest that when services are provided to the community, coupled with the use of local community advisory committees, the possibilities of recruiting participants into a clinical trial are significantly enhanced and augmented.
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PMID:Project Sugar: a recruitment model for successful African-American participation in health research. 1585 86

A new, simple and sensitive pre-column high-performance chromatographic method for the determination of diabetes marker d-glucose, 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol and related compounds is reported. Sugars (d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, sucrose and arabinose) were derivatized with benzoic acid (BA) at 80 degrees C for 60 min. l-Fucose, fructose, d-lactose, l-rhamnose, arabinose and ascorbic acid were not reacted. Sugar alcohols (xylitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol myo-inositol) were also derivatized with BA at 80 degrees C for 60 min. The fluorescence derivatives were separated on a TSK amide 80 column (4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm, 5 microm) with acetonitrile-50 mm acetate buffer (pH 5.6; 4:96, v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength of beizoic acid derivatives was lambda(ex) 275 nm and lambda(em) 315 nm. The detection limits of sugars were 10-80 microg/mL. The calibration graphs were linear up to 10 mg/mL. The relative standard deviations of 500 microg/mL sugars were 7.0-7.3%. The proposed method was compared with the enzymatic photometric glucose analysis method (Glucose B-Test II Wako). The correlation coefficient was 0.83 (n = 20) and y = 0.82x + 5.91, where y and x are concentrations in microg/mL obtained by the proposed pre-column HPLC and enzyme-photometric method, respectively. The detection limits of sugar alcohols were 100-1000 ng/mL. The calibration graphs were linear to 50 microg/mL and relative standard deviations of 10 microg/mL were 7.2-8.2%. The 1,5-AG data by the proposed method was also compared with the enzymatic photometric 1,5-AG analysis method (Rana AG 1,5-AG determination kit, Nihon Kayaku) and good correlation (r = 0.91, n = 20) was also obtained. The proposed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of d-glucose, 1,5-AG and related sugar alcohols in serum from healthy males.
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PMID:Simultaneous determination of glucose, 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol and related sugar alcohols in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with benzoic acid derivatization. 1616 Nov 84

Diabetic neuropathy is a very common complication of diabetes mellitus, and animal studies have contributed tremendously to its understanding. The aim of this study was to estimate the neuropathic alterations in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus. For this purpose, four groups of animals were used: untreated OLETF rats, sucrose-fed for 2 months OLETF rats, untreated Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) nondiabetic rats as genetic controls of OLETF, and sucrose-fed LETO rats. All were examined at baseline, at the end of the sucrose treatment, and during a washout period. The following parameters were evaluated: motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensitivity to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli using the tail-flick (TF) and tail-pressure (TP) tests, and blood glucose (BG) and HbA1c levels. Our results showed that BG and HbA1c were significantly higher in OLETF rats when compared with those in control LETO rats. Sucrose caused remarkable increase of BG and HbA1c in the OLETF rats, but not in the sucrose-fed LETO rats. MNCV and thermal nociception significantly decreased in OLETF rats in their 10th month, while the values of the TP test did not differ compared with those from LETO rats. Sucrose administration significantly decreased the MNCV, and increased the pain threshold evaluated by the TF and TP tests, compared with those in the control OLETF rats. The studied parameters were not significantly altered in sucrose-fed LETO rats. In conclusion, our findings show that signs of diabetic neuropathy appear late in the individual development of the OLETF rats, and MNCV and thermal nociception are selectively affected in this strain. Sucrose deteriorated the diabetic state, decreased MNCV, and caused thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia.
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PMID:Physiological characteristics of diabetic neuropathy in sucrose-fed Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. 1654 Nov 92

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes the development of a specific cardiomyopathy that results from the metabolic derangements present in DM and manifests as cardiac contractile dysfunction. Although myocardial dysfunction in Type 1 DM has been associated with defects in the function and regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), very little is known about SR function in Type 2 DM. Accordingly, this study examined whether abnormalities in cardiac contractile performance and SR function occur in the prestage of Type 2 DM (i.e., during insulin resistance). Sucrose feeding was used to induce whole body insulin resistance, whereas cardiac contractile performance was assessed by echocardiography and SR function was measured by SR calcium (Ca(2+)) uptake. Sucrose-fed rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia relative to control rats. Serial echocardiographic assessments in the sucrose-fed rats revealed early abnormalities in diastolic function followed by late systolic dysfunction and concurrent alterations in myocardial structure. The hearts of the 10-wk sucrose-fed rats showed depressed SR function demonstrated by a significant reduction in SR Ca(2+) uptake. The decline in SR Ca(2+) uptake was associated with a significant decrease in the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of phospholamban. The results show that abnormalities in cardiac contractile performance and SR function occur at an insulin-resistant stage before the manifestation of overt Type 2 DM.
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PMID:Alterations in cardiac contractile performance and sarcoplasmic reticulum function in sucrose-fed rats is associated with insulin resistance. 1697 23


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