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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study compared the effects of adding sucrose and aspartame to the usual diet of individuals with well-controlled noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A double-blind, cross-over design was used with each 6-wk study period. During the sucrose period, 45 g sucrose (9% of total daily energy) was added, 10 g with each main meal and 5 g with each between-meal beverage. An equivalent sweetening quantity of aspartame (162 mg) was ingested during the aspartame period. The addition of sucrose did not have a deleterious effect on glycemic control, lipids, glucose tolerance, or insulin action. No differences were observed between sucrose and aspartame. Sucrose added as an integral part of the diabetic diet does not adversely affect metabolic control in well-controlled NIDDM subjects. Aspartame is an acceptable sugar substitute for diabetic individuals but no specific advantage over sucrose was demonstrated.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of adding sucrose and aspartame to the diet of subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 267 74

Sugar uptake was measured in dispersed cells prepared from radiation-induced insulinomas transplantable in NEDH rats and in three clonal beta-cell lines maintained in continuous culture (RIN m5F, RIN 1046, HIT). Uptake of D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose by insulinoma cells was rapid so that the intracellular concentration of D-hexoses approximated the concentration in the incubation medium by 15-30 s. L-Glucose was taken up only slowly. 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake by RIN m5F, RIN 1046, and HIT cells was slow; with 1 mM 3-O-methylglucose in the medium, equilibrium was attained at 20 min, but with 10 mM 3-O-methylglucose, equilibrium was not attained even at 20 min. In HIT cells incubated with D-glucose for 30 min, the intracellular concentration of glucose was less than the medium glucose concentration, indicating glucose transport is a nonequilibrium reaction in this cell line. These data indicate that radiation-induced insulinoma cells retain the capacity of normal beta-cells to transport sugar at high rates. RIN m5F, RIN 1046, and HIT cells transport sugar slowly, however, and thus differ from normal beta-cells. In RIN m5F, RIN 1046, and HIT cells, unlike in normal beta-cells, glucose transport may be the site regulating glucose metabolism.
Diabetes 1986 Dec
PMID:Glucose transport by radiation-induced insulinoma and clonal pancreatic beta-cells. 302 51

Sugar cataract formation has been demonstrated to result from lenticular sorbitol accumulation. In the lens, the activity of aldose reductase has been observed to increase with the onset of diabetes, while the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase decreases. This shift in activities of these two Sorbitol Pathway enzymes favors the increased accumulation of sorbitol. Immunohistochemical studies with antibodies prepared against purified rat lens aldose reductase reveal a striking increase in immunoreactive positive staining for aldose reductase in lenses from diabetic rats. Two weeks after the onset of diabetes, increased immunohistochemical staining for aldose reductase appears beneath the epithelial region where water cleft formation occurs, and the intensity of this staining increases with the formation of vacuoles. By 6-8 weeks, the presence of large vacuoles and areas of liquifaction containing dense immunoreactive stain can be observed. Examination of human cataractous lenses with antibodies prepared against purified human placenta aldose reductase suggest similar increases in immunoreactive staining in the human diabetic lens. Cataractous lenses from diabetic patients revealed increased immunoreactive staining for aldose reductase, which was associated with the presence of vacuoles in both the anterior or posterior superficial cortical layers. Examination of similar vacuole containing regions from non-diabetic cataractous lenses revealed no increase in immunoreactive staining for aldose reductase. These results suggest that the enhanced activity of aldose reductase observed in diabetes is due to an increased amount of enzyme, rather than enzyme activation.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization for aldose reductase in diabetic lenses. 310 Apr 73

In healthy persons, glucose homeostasis maintains blood glucose levels between 70 and 130 mg/dl despite perturbations by meals, fasting, and exercise. Long-term follow-up of diabetic patients has suggested that "good control" of blood sugar levels minimizes the long-term complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and atherosclerosis. It now seems likely the products of insulin-independent metabolic pathways in epithelial and endothelial cells leading to polyol formation and protein glycosylation may be factors in the genesis of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and premature atherosclerosis of diabetic patients. Dietary complex carbohydrates of various type, including those rich in dietary fiber, which are the cell walls of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, may slow the rate of absorption of glucose from those diets and contribute to a lowering of the postprandial glucose peak. Glycemic responses to various foods compared to glucose have been studied and show a large variation, which is dependent upon gastric emptying, overall effects on rate of hydrolysis and absorption of glucose from food mixtures. Dietary sucrose seems to cause a degree of insulin resistance. The active part of the disaccharide is fructose, which does not elicit an acute insulin response, but appears indirectly to increase insulin levels in both animals and man. Sucrose in animals appears to promote obesity more than glucose because of its lack of stimulation of thermogenesis. Xylitol has been used as a sweetener and as a sugar substitute in total parenteral nutrition. It is a paradox that the most physiological of sugars (glucose) can be a menace at high concentrations. The use of nonphysiological sugars or their derivatives in diabetics and patients with special needs, such as TPN, requires much more investigation to develop a sound rationale in nutrition management.
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PMID:Monosaccharides in health and disease. 352 17

The effect of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes on rat urinary bladder function was investigated by means of 'in vivo' cystometry and 'in vitro' recording of bladder strips contractility. A group of sucrose-fed animals was included to determine to what extent the STZ-induced changes were ascribable to the increased diuresis. After 7-9 weeks from STZ injection there was a marked increase in weight of bladder and ureters. Cystometry revealed a marked increase in bladder capacity (volume threshold) although pressure threshold and amplitude of micturition contraction were unaffected. Sucrose-fed animals, having normal blood glucose levels but a similar increase in urine production exhibited cystometric changes identical to those of STZ animals. 'In vitro' experiments indicated that the response to field stimulation (0.1-20 Hz) is reduced in STZ-pretreated but increased in sucrose-fed animals, as compared to controls. The content of urinary bladder and ureters in sensory neuropeptides (substance-P, neurokinin-A and calcitonin-gene related peptide-like immunoreactivity) was increased by STZ diabetes when values were corrected for the increased weight of these organs. The capsaicin-induced contraction of the rat isolated bladder strips, presumably caused by neuropeptides released from intramural sensory nerves, is unaffected by STZ diabetes. These findings indicate that STZ diabetes produces, at an early stage, changes similar to those reported to occur in the human disease, e.g. a greater bladder capacity with unimpaired voiding function. The increased bladder capacity of STZ-rats seems largely, if not solely, ascribable to changes in physical properties of the detrusor muscle, thereby allowing accommodation of greater than normal volumes with similar increase of intraluminal pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cystometric changes in the early phase of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: evidence for sensory changes not correlated to diabetic neuropathy. 361 89

Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a nonabsorbable substitute for fat. This study examined its effects in 10 obese patients, 6 with diabetes mellitus. Three diabetics had hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients were studied in three periods: weight maintenance, caloric restriction + SPE, and caloric restriction without SPE. Nondiabetics generally tolerated SPE better than diabetics. In nondiabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE produced a decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol of 20% and 26%, respectively. In normotriglyceridemic diabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE had an effect on plasma lipoproteins similar to that of nondiabetics. In diabetics with hypertriglyceridemia caloric restriction (with or without SPE) caused a marked reduction in plasma triglycerides. In all patients caloric restriction reduced cholesterol balance and presumably cholesterol synthesis. The feeding of SPE caused increased outputs of fecal neutral steroids suggestive of decreased absorption of cholesterol; SPE also frequently caused a mild increase in fecal acidic steroids (bile acids).
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PMID:Influence of sucrose polyester on plasma lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with and without diabetes mellitus. 376 48

Total lipid, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol and myo-inositol contents in individual layers from normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbit retinas were measured using gravimetric and enzymatic microtechniques. Pure samples of nine retinal layers were microdissected from freeze-dried retinal cryosections. The lipid content was measured by loss of weight after ethanol and hexane extraction. Retinal lipid varied 3-fold across the retina and was not influenced by diabetes. Sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, and myo-inositol were measured with fluorimetric microassays. Sucrose infused intravenously prior to sampling the tissue did not traverse the outer blood retinal barrier of the normal or the diabetic retina. In both normals and diabetics, glucose followed a diffusional curve, with outer and inner retinal concentrations, respectively, equal to choroidal blood and vitreal glucose concentrations. Sorbitol was elevated in all retinal layers of diabetic animals. The peak sorbitol concentrations, of 2 mmol/kg defatted dry weight in diabetics, were not high enough to be osmotically significant. Retinal myo-inositol, of the order found in brain tissue (10-30 mmol/kg defatted dry tissue), was decreased by 22-40% in all retinal layers of the diabetics. The results indicate that diabetes affects the metabolism of retinal structures independently of the small blood vessel disease that is the hallmark of diabetes of long duration. It is conceivable that primary intraretinal metabolic alterations cause, aggravate, or perpetuate the well known degenerative processes that occur in retinal blood vessels in diabetes.
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PMID:Altered retinal metabolism in diabetes. I. Microanalysis of lipid, glucose, sorbitol, and myo-inositol in the choroid and in the individual layers of the rabbit retina. 394 2

Poly(A)-containing RNA in various fractions of RNA from rat skeletal muscle has been detected and quantitated by hybridization to [3H]poly(U). Comparison has been made between the RNA in skeletal muscle from normal adult rats, from rats 2 days after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, and from diabetic rats killed 60 min after injection of insulin. The poly(A)-containing RNA constituted a similar proportion of the total RNA in skeletal muscle from each of the three types of rats. In diabetes there was a decrease in the proportion of skeletal muscle ribosomes sedimenting as polyribosomes, but this was reversed after rats had been injected with insulin. However these changes were not associated with any alterations in the relative amounts of poly(A)-containing RNA in ribosomes isolated from rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes did not significantly alter the size distribution of the poly(A)-containing RNA or its poly(A) segment. If it is assumed that poly(A)-containing RNA is mRNA, these results imply that insulin stimulates protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats by affecting the translation of pre-existing mRNA. Sucrose density gradient analysis showed that there was less poly(A)-containing RNA in the polyribosome region from diabetic rats than there was in that from normal rats. The balance of the poly(A)-containing RNA in the ribosomes from diabetic rats (presumed to be the untranslated mRNA) was found associated with rapidly sedimenting aggregated ribosomes, but its native form has not yet been determined.
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PMID:The effect of diabetes and insulin on the polyadenylic acid-containing RNA of rat skeletal muscle. 615 6

Diabetes knowledge tests, used in conjunction with measures of patient attitudes and behaviors, can provide a useful basis for assessing educational needs and designing appropriate instructional experiences. Accurate decisions require instruments that measure patient knowledge of diabetes and its management with high reliability and validity. Data obtained from more than 950 administrations of two parallel forms of a Diabetes Patient Knowledge Test have provided documentation of patient knowledge levels, insight into the effectiveness of educational programs, and support for ongoing program revisions. These data have also allowed study of the psychometric properties of the test instruments, including factor structure, reliability, and validity. Each test form has an overall reliability of 0.89 and the forms are of equal difficulty. Five subcomponents (factors) labeled "Carbohydrates," "Blood Sugar," "Basics," "Food Exchanges," and "Insulin Administration" are measured in the tests. Evidence of content, construct, concurrent, and discriminant validity has been demonstrated.
Diabetes Care
PMID:The validation of a diabetes patient knowledge test. 636 Jun

Rats were fed on diets containing either sucrose or starch as the carbohydrate component (55%) for eight months. Diabetes was induced in animals of both groups by injecting streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats failed to gain weight, had enlarged kidneys, polyuria and elevated blood glucose levels. Starch and sucrose fed rats gained weight normally and had normal blood glucose levels. Sucrose fed rats had enlarged kidneys. Regional thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was present in sucrose-fed and diabetic rats but not in starch-fed controls. Glomerular basement membrane isolated from pooled kidney cortices from rats in the different experimental groups were analysed for amino acid, disaccharide and hexosamine content. Hydroxylysine (9 to 20%), hydroxyproline (21 to 24%), disaccharide (27%) and hexosamine (26%) were increased in membranes insolated from the three experimental groups, compared with starch-fed non-diabetic controls. An increase in low molecular weight components of the glomerular basement membrane of sucrose-fed and diabetic rats was observed using electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) glucosyltransferase activity was present in kidney supernatants prepared from sucrose-fed (1050 +/- 60 nmol/2h/kidney) compared to starch-fed rats (510 +/- 40 nmol/2h/kidney). Sucrose feeding induces changes similar to those found in diabetes and the induction of diabetes made little difference over the feeding of sucrose alone.
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PMID:Modification of the glomerular basement membrane in sucrose-fed and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 644 59


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