Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixty percent of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in Sprage-Dawley rats regress after the animals were made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin. Administration of estradiol valerate, 1 mg/wk/animal, caused regression of 75% of tumors in intact rats but regression of all tumors in diabetic rats. Estrogen treatment appeared to enhance the effects of diabetes, which by itself resulted in decreased activities of glycolytic enzymes. A role of insulin in growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumors may be warranted.
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PMID:Effect of estrogen treatment on DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth and biochemistry in intact and diabetic rats (38535). 12 45

Estrogen replacement in menopause should be used for specific symptoms such as ovarian failure, hot flushes, vaginal atrophy, atrophy of the vulva, and atrophic urethritis. The dose should be as low as possible to be effective and perscribed for as short as time as possible, since there are possible risks of uterine cancer, breast cancer, increased blood pressure, gallstones, deep vein thrombosis, and thromboembolism. Estrogens should be administered to provide the maximum benefit with the minimum risk involved. Estrogens should not be given to patients with known contraindications such as: suspected breast or uterine cancer; undiagnosed genital bleeding; Dubin-Johnson syndrome; acute hepatic disease; previous or present thromboembolism; or severe thrombophlebitis. Careful evaluation should be made before administering estrogen to women with uterine myomata, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, sevare varicose veins, chronic hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, porphyria, or severe hypertension.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement in the menopause. 39 Apr 56

Insulin and estrogen binding have been determined in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors of rats in various endocrine states. Hormonal therapy, such as diabetes and ovariectomy, resulted in differential effects on growth patterns and hormone binding of tumors coexisting in the same host or in different hosts. It was observed that tumors that continued to grow after the host was made diabetic (insulin independent) or started to regress after ovariectomy (ovarian dependent) demonstrated decreased insulin binding. Tumors that regressed in diabetic hosts (insulin dependent) or continued to grow in ovariectomized animals (ovarian independent) showed an increased insulin-binding capacity. No significant change in insulin binding was observed in tumors that remained static after ovariectomy or induction of diabetes. Estrogen binding in tumor cells from diabetic rats paralleled the pattern of tumor growth response to diabetes; insulin-independent tumors demonstrated a significant increase in binding compared to tumors from intact hosts, and insulin-dependent tumors showed decreased estrogen receptor levels. From these results, we conclude that (a) insulin plays a positive role in regulating estrogen-binding capacity, (b) ovarian hormones may play a role in regulating insulin-binding capacity, and (c) a relationship between insulin and ovarian hormones and the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors is strongly suggested and may have therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Relationship between insulin and estrogen binding to growth response in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. 41 34

One hundred fifty-seven pregnancies complicated by different degrees of diabetes, toxemia, and hypertension were studied with serial urinary placental estrogen determinations. A simple and fast method for total placental estrogen determination was used. The level of total estrogen excretion was related to Apgar score in cases of class B diabetes, severe toxemia, and also in moderate toxemia when estrogen excretion was falling. Mean estrogen levels did not differ as a function of severity of diabetes. Levels did differ with severity of toxemia; however, only the difference in mean estrogen excretion between mild and severe toxemia was significant. Estrogen excretion was very low in hypertension but was not related to Apgar score. This study concludes that total urinary estrogens constitute only a single parameter necessary in the management of high-risk pregnancies.
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PMID:Total urinary estrogens in complicated pregnancies. 116 30

The effectiveness of monophasic and multiphasic oral contraceptives (OCs) depends on their ability to suppress ovulation, change endometrial growth and ovum receptivity, and reduce cervical mucus receptivity to sperm. They are all more than 99% effective, but, depending on the type and dose of hormone components, they have different side effects. The estrogen component (ethinyl estradiol) of most new OCs is between 30 and 35 mcg, which reduces the risk of estrogen side effects, especially thromboembolism and hypertension. The Food and Drug Administration does not recommend use of an OC with an estrogen component for lactating mothers, while the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics believe it is fine. Estrogen may protect against coronary artery disease, yet the estrogen component of today's OCs is so low that the progestin component may cancels this beneficial effect. It also prevents breakthrough bleeding. The most frequently used progestins in OCs are norethindrone and norgestrel. They prevent ovum implantation, sperm penetration through the cervical mucus, and ovulation. Progestins, especially norgestrel, increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Other side effects include acne and weight gain. Progestin benefits are reduced menstrual blood loss, pain during menstruation, premenstrual tension, and endometrial cancer risk. The ideal estrogen-progestin balance depends on the individual, but the estrogen component should be between 30 and 35 mcg, and the progestin component should be the lowest possible dose to reduce metabolic side effects. If an OC user with a well stabilized cycle who takes another recently prescribed drug experiences unexpected breakthrough bleeding or spotting, this change may indicate a drug interaction. Absolute and/or possible contraindications of OC use are smoking after age 35, history of breast or endometrial cancer, liver disease or impaired liver function, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Benefits and risks of oral contraceptive use. 143 13

We recently found circulating corticosterone (CS) levels to be significantly lower in diabetic female rats as compared with proestrous control animals. This reduction in CS was correlated with the hypoestrogenic state of the diabetic female. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate basal and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-stimulated CS secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) control (C) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats given blank, 5 mcg and 20 mcg estradiol (E2) implants to determine if adrenal CS secretion in the diabetic is normalized by E2 treatment. After 3 weeks of diabetes, pituitary-adrenal function was assessed in rats from each group with a CRH stimulation test. The remaining rats were sacrificed for determination of CS, E2, testosterone and fructosamine in serum. Suppressed CS secretion in OVX female diabetic rats was partially restored with E2 therapy. Basal CS levels were significantly higher in 20 mcg E2 treated C and D rats compared with OVX rats. However, C rats had significantly higher basal CS compared with D rats in similarly E2 treated groups. The CS response to CRH stimulation was not different between OVX female diabetic and control rats. Estrogen enhanced the CS response to CRH stimulation in control animals but not in diabetic animals suggesting altered estrogen action at the pituitary level in diabetic animals.
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PMID:Does estradiol treatment normalize the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in streptozotocin-induced ovariectomized diabetic female rats? 176 Dec 79

Predisposing factors to cervical cancer development are age, smoking, socioeconomical status, parity, and number of sex partners. Long-term oral contraceptive (OC) use and less than 50 mg estrogen dose have been weakly linked to increased cancer risk. Regular examination and switching to other contraception in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is recommended. Estrogen in sequential pills (Ovacon) increases the risks of uterine cancer by affecting the mucosa. Predisposing factors are: absence of pregnancy (nulliparity), postmenopause, hypertension, and diabetes. Parity reduces the risk. The risk is reduced in combined pills and after use of 1 year. Protection is offered by the progesterone component for 10-20 years after cessation of use. Ovarian cancer is prevented by parity and OC use even 10 years later. High estrogen levels inducing frequent ovulation damage the ovaries. Promoting factors are: old age, avoidance of breast feeding, and overweight. Breast cancer promoters are 1st pregnancy in older age, early menarche, and no pregnancy at all. OC use under age 25 and before 1st pregnancy are significant risk factors. High progesterone levels are associated with increased mitotic activity in the breast. Rare benign fibrocysts can develop into breast cancer. OC use is connected to hepatoma development mainly estrogen-induced. Liver cancer was found twice as high in OC users. Hepatoma often ruptures causing hemorrhage. 8% of liver tumors are malignant with a survival rate of 50% of patients to 4.8 years. The possible association of OCs to skin melanoma and hypophysial tumors could not be confirmed. OCs regulate menstruation, reduce bleeding, protect against uterine and ovarian cancer, but cervical and breast cancers have been influenced by them.
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PMID:[The contraceptive pill and cancer]. 207 68

The clinical use of estrogens and progestogens for menopausal women is reviewed, discussing the indications, results of studies on effectiveness of various agents o each target organ, contraindications, risk-benefit ratio, and types of drug preparations available and used in European countries. The indications for menopausal hormone replacement are primarily to prevent myocardial infarction and osteoporosis, and also to treat early menopause, urogenital atrophy, and severe skin, mucous membrane and psychic disorders. Mechanisms of action of estrogens and progestins, and anticipated results are detailed for each of the indications. Contraindications typical of oral contraceptives usually do not apply for hormone replacement. For example, only severe acute liver disease, current thromboembolism, endometrial cancer other than I, and breast cancer within 3-5 years of primary treatment are contraindications. Neither cervical, ovarian or vulvar cancer, diabetes, varicose veins, hypertension, nor history of liver disease or thromboembolism are contraindications: in some cases progestins or transdermal estrogens are recommended. Estrogen side effects suggest overdosage. Progesterone or its derivatives rather than oral contraceptive progestins are prescribed. There is a clear benefit, comparing cost of medication to that of treating consequences of estrogen deficiency. The preparations currently used in Europe include oral micronized estradiol, conjugated estrogens, transdermal patches, local vaginal estrogens, and injectable estradiol esters for those who cannot tolerate oral or transdermal agents. Preparations should contain progesterone unless the woman has had a hysterectomy. Combinations designed to avoid withdrawal bleeding are available.
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PMID:Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens. 221 69

The relationship among postmenopausal estrogen use, coronary stenosis, and survival was examined retrospectively in 2268 women undergoing coronary angiography. The patients were selected for study if their age was 55 years or older at the time of angiography or if they had previously undergone bilateral oophorectomy. Postmenopausal estrogen use in 1178 patients with coronary artery disease (greater than 70% stenosis) and 644 patients with mild to moderate coronary artery disease (5% to 69% stenosis) was compared with 446 control subjects (0% stenosis) using life-table analysis. Over 10 years of follow-up, there was no significant difference in survival among patients initially free of coronary lesions on arteriography who had either never used (377) or ever used (69) estrogens. Among patients with mild to moderate coronary stenosis, 10-year survival of those who had never used estrogens was 85.0% and it was 95.6% among 99 "ever users." Survival was 60.0% among those with more than 70% coronary stenosis who had never used estrogen and it was 97.0% among 70 ever users. The "never users" group were older (65 vs 59 years), had a lower proportion of cigarette smokers (40% vs 57.1%), a higher proportion of subjects with diabetes (21.7% vs 12.9%) and hyperlipidemia (58% vs 44%), and approximately equal numbers of hypertensives (56.0% vs 54.3%). Cox's proportional hazards model was used to estimate survival as a function of multiple covariables. Estrogen use was found to have a significant, independent effect on survival in women. We conclude that estrogen replacement after menopause prolongs survival when coronary artery disease is present, but it has less effect in the absence of coronary artery disease.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement and coronary artery disease. Effect on survival in postmenopausal women. 224 72

Health care practitioners are often faced with the dilemma of whether or not to provide oral contraceptives (OCs) to women who have certain chronic medical conditions. Oral contraceptive use among gestational diabetics who use OCs may be at increased risk for developing insulin- dependent diabetes. It appears that progestins are primarily responsible because they decrease the number of insulin receptors on cell membranes. Norgestrel has a more marked effect on carbohydrate metabolism than norethindrone. Estrogen may also play a role by slowing the uptake of glucose. Findings of available studies show that progestin only OCs, combined, low-dose OCs (35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol), or preparations with norethindrone are relatively safe for gestational diabetics. In mitral valve prolapse (MVP) abnormal hemodynamics at the prolapsed valve may promote formation of thrombi and lead to cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Oral contraceptives are also known to increase the incidence of thrombi, especially in the lower extremities. A 1986 study of 11 OC users who had had CVAS found that a specific subject of women with MVP are at risk for CVA, perhaps due to persistent clotting abnormalities, however most could safely use a combined, low-dose pill unless headaches, smoking, and MVP symptoms. Oral contraceptive use has usually been avoided in women with sickle cell disease. The major concern has been the possibility of an additive or synergistic effect of OCs on the blood-clotting mechanism. However sickle cell disease is a relative contraindication. Several studies showed that OC use, even up to 54 months, did not increase sickle cell crises, and only 5 cases of thromboses have been reported. The increase of fetal and maternal mortality, however, is a definite risk, therefore a similar low-dose pill may be safe for women with the sickle cell trait.
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PMID:Oral contraceptive use in women with chronic medical conditions. 267 89


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