Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hexokinase II (HKII) is the predominant hexokinase isozyme expressed in insulin-responsive tissues. Since defects involving glucose transport and/or its phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate are present in muscle of insulin-resistant humans, HKII should be viewed as a candidate gene for inherited insulin resistance and susceptibility to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To investigate the prevalence of potential mutations in the gene encoding HKII, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify each of the 18 exons of the HKII gene from genomic DNA derived from 59 subjects: 25 insulin-resistant probands with clinical features of the type A syndrome and 34 NIDDM subjects enrolled in the United Kingdom Prospective Study of Therapies of NIDDM (UKPDS) who represented the highest percentile of fasting hyperinsulinemia in the UKPDS population of 5,098 subjects. PCR products corresponding to individual HKII exons derived from each subject were screened for the presence of nucleotide variation using a sensitive nonradioactive single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) protocol. Variant SSCP patterns indicative of genetic variation were detected only in PCR amplimers containing exons 4-7, 10, 15, and 17. Direct sequencing of amplified DNA from individuals affected with variant SSCP patterns revealed the presence of the following silent polymorphisms: Asp251 (GAT/C) in exon 7 and Asn692 (AAT/C) in exon 15. SSCP variants detected in PCR products containing exons 5, 10, and 17 were due to single base substitutions in flanking intronic sequences. A polymorphic GGA repeat was identified within intron 5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1995 Mar
PMID:Analysis of the hexokinase II gene in subjects with insulin resistance and NIDDM and detection of a Gln142-->His substitution. 788 22

Between February 1989 and June 1994 193 cases of acute community acquired pneumonia (PAC) which were of intermediate or great severity were admitted to two hospitals in the South West of France. These patients were explored using bronchofibroscopy (FB) with a protected brush (BP) and alveolar microlavage (MLBA) and quantitative cultures were performed, also there were other specimens taken in a regular fashion. The percentage of positive examinations was 60% for brushings (BP), 59% for MLBA and 21% for blood cultures and 16% for serological tests. An aetiology was determined in 137 cases (70.9%). The organisms recovered were Streptococcus pneumoniae (49.6%), gram negative bacilli (17.4%), Haemophilus influenzae (11.7%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (4.4%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.6%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (2.2%), Legionella pneumophila (0.7%), and various 5.8%. The overall mortality was 15% despite immediate antibiotics based on the likely organism in 88% of cases. The study of prognostic factors confirmed the Fine score system (determined a posteriori) which constitutes a useful and practical index determining the management of PAC. On the other hand the role of bacteriological documentation in improving the vital prognosis remains to be confirmed. If bronchofibroscopy has appeared to us as a safe and useful means of investigation, the management of these disease remains to specified. We suggest that its use is reserved for subjects with life threatening disease (a Fine score equal to or greater than 3) or for those patients who are likely to have unusual germs: failure of previous antibiotics, diabetes, malnourishment, cancer, airflow obstruction and inhalation.
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PMID:[Acute community-acquired pneumonia of moderate and grave severity investigated by bronchoscopy. Analysis of 193 cases hospitalized in a general hospital]. 871 Dec 37

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or type II diabetes is rapidly becoming one of the most common chronic disease in the United States and worldwide, with more than 7% of the adult population affected. NIDDM is even more common in the elderly and in minority population including Hispanic Americans, African Americans, Asian and Pacific Island Americans, and Native Americans. In these populations, NIDDM may be present in 10% to as much as 50% of the adult population. However diagnosed NIDDM is only the tip of the iceberg of an epidemic of glucose intolerance. Impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) is even more prevalent that NIDDM; and in addition to be a major risk factor for the development of NIDDM, IGT is associated with an increased risk of macrovascular disease. Recent advances in research into the etiology and natural history of diabetes have increased the knowledge to such an extent that primary prevention of NIDDM is becoming a reality. This primary prevention can be implemented a) through a population strategy, i.e. changing the lifestyle and environmental determinants that are known to be risk factors for diabetes, and b) through high-risk strategy, i.e. targeting preventive measures only at those specific individuals or groups that are at high risk for the future development of NIDDM. The latter is the strategy of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DDP), a clinical study sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease in USA. Twenty five centers were selected to participate in this program. The purpose of DPP is prevent or delay the development of NIDDM in those persons who are at high risk because they have IGT. DPP will also evaluate if the interventions selected to prevent the development of NIDDM can decrease the frequency of cardiovascular events and the occurrence and magnitude of the cardiovascular risk factors that accompany NIDDM and IGT. Four thousand volunteers will be recruited from populations known to be at particular high risk fo IGT and NIDDM including the following: elderly, overweight individuals, persons with family history of NIDDM, women with history of gestational diabetes, and minority populations. In order to be eligible, persons who are older than 25 years will have to demonstrate IGT with plasma glucose levels 100-139 mg/dl fasting and 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75 g OGTT. Three study intervention were selected based on their potential efficacy in ameliorating abnormal glucose metabolism in IGT and on their safety and tolerable profile of side-effects. The interventions include: intensive lifestyle intervention which focuses on a healthy diet to achieve and maintain at least a 7% loss of body weight and an increase in caloric expenditure of at least 700 kcal per week. The drug therapy interventions include the biguanide metformin and the thiazolidinedione troglizatone. Standard life-style recommendations, which include conventional instructions regarding diet and exercise, will be provided to all participants, including a placebo treated group which will serve as the control group for the study. After randomization, participants will have quarterly evaluations and have, in addition, a fasting plasma glucose at semi-annual visits and a 75 g OGTT at annual visits. All participants will be followed for three years after the study-wide closing date for recruitment, resulting in 3 to 6 years of participant follow-up. The primary outcome is the development of NIDDM according to WHO criteria (fasting plasma glucose level 140 mg/dL or 2-hour plasma glucose 200 mg/dL after a 75 g OGTT). Secondary outcome will focus en cardiovascular disease and its risk factors and change of glycemia, insulin secretion and sensitivity, obesity, physical activity and nutrient intake, quality of life, and the occurrence of adverse events.
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PMID:[Steps toward the primary prevention of type II diabetes mellitus. Various epidemiological considerations]. 923 72

Proglucagon contains the sequence of two glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2, secreted from enteroendocrine cells of the small and large intestine. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose in both NIDDM and IDDM patients and may be therapeutically useful for treatment of patients with diabetes. GLP-1 regulates blood glucose via stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying, and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 may also regulate glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue and muscle; however, the mechanism for these peripheral effects remains unclear. GLP-1 is produced in the brain, and intracerebroventricular GLP-1 in rodents is a potent inhibitor of food and water intake. The short duration of action of GLP-1 may be accounted for in part by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV), which cleaves GLP-1 at the NH2-terminus; hence GLP-1 analogs or the lizard peptide exendin-4 that are resistant to DPP-IV cleavage may be more potent GLP-1 molecules in vivo. GLP-2 has recently been shown to display intestinal growth factor activity in rodents, raising the possibility that GLP-2 may be therapeutically useful for enhancement of mucosal regeneration in patients with intestinal disease. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the biological activity of the glucagon-like peptides.
Diabetes 1998 Feb
PMID:Glucagon-like peptides. 951 8

The insulinotropic hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which has been proposed as a new treatment for type 2 diabetes, is metabolized extremely rapidly by the ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), resulting in the formation of a metabolite, which may act as an antagonist at the GLP-1 receptor. Because of this, the effects of single injections of GLP-1 are short-lasting, and for full demonstration of its antidiabetogenic effects, continuous intravenous infusion is required. To exploit the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 clinically, we here propose the use of specific inhibitors of DPP-IV. We have demonstrated that the administration of such inhibitors may completely protect exogenous GLP-1 from DPP-IV-mediated degradation, thereby greatly enhancing its insulinotropic effect, and provided evidence that endogenous GLP-1 may be equally protected. Preliminary studies by others in glucose-intolerant experimental animals have shown that DPP-IV inhibition greatly ameliorates the condition. GLP-1 has multifaceted actions, which include stimulation of insulin gene expression, trophic effects on the beta-cells, inhibition of glucagon secretion, promotion of satiety, inhibition of food intake, and slowing of gastric emptying, all of which contribute to normalizing elevated glucose levels. Because of this, we predict that inhibition of DPP-IV, which will elevate the levels of active GLP-1 and reduce the levels of the antagonistic metabolite, may be useful to treat impaired glucose tolerance and perhaps prevent transition to type 2 diabetes. The actions of DPP-IV, other than degradation of GLP-1, particularly in the immune system are discussed, but it is concluded that side effects of inhibition therapy are likely to be mild. Thus, DPP-IV inhibition may be an effective supplement to diet and exercise treatment in attempts to prevent the deterioration of glucose metabolism associated with the Western lifestyle.
Diabetes 1998 Nov
PMID:Inhibition of the activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. 979 33

As a therapeutic principle, the insulinotropic peptide, GLP-1, of the secretin-glucagon family of peptides, has turned out to possess some remarkably attractive properties, including the capability of normalizing blood glucose concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and promoting satiety and reducing food intake in healthy volunteers. Because of rapid and extensive metabolization, the peptide is not immediately clinically applicable and, as a therapeutic principle, GLP-1 is still in its infancy. Some possible avenues for circumventing these difficulties are the development of DPP-IV-resistant analogs, the inhibition of DPP-IV, enhancement of GLP-1 secretion, GLP delivery systems using continuous subcutaneous infusion or buccal tablets, GLP-1 absorption, and orally active, stable analogs. It seems likely that one or more of these approaches could result in a clinically useful development program.
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PMID:On the treatment of diabetes mellitus with glucagon-like peptide-1. 992 27

Studies of Asian Pacific American populations are often flawed because while the population is quite heterogeneous, researchers usually collapse them into a single category, making it impossible to assess the health status or needs of individual Asian Pacific American ethnic groups. Using a probability sample of Guam residents, the analysis reported here addresses the problem by documenting the health status and characteristics of Chamorro and Filipino hypertensives. In contrast to predictions from the literature, Chamorros have a higher prevalence of hypertension than Filipinos. Additional results show that hypertensive Chamorro men and women are from lower socioeconomic status levels than their Filipino counterparts, while hypertensive men and women of both ethnic groups appear equally likely to be overweight and to suffer diabetes. Male hypertensives are at greater risk for psychological distress than normotensives, and have a greater chance of heart failure. Compared to Filipinos, hypertensive Chamorros are more likely to evaluate their overall physical health as poor.
Asia Pac J Public Health 1995
PMID:The health status and characteristics of hypertensives in Guam. 1005 Jan 85

Diabetes prevalence and complications rates were examined for the indigenous population of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. Diabetes is common, with 4% of the population and 11% of adults having diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes is more common among females and islanders of Carolinian descent. End stage renal disease, hospitalizations for pneumonia, non-traumatic lower extremity amputations and retinopathy are more common than expected (with relative risks of 3.9, 3.0, 1.5 and 1.3, respectively, compared with diabetics in US), while diabetes-related mortality and hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease/cerebrovascular disease are less (with relative risks of 0.9 and 0.8). Implications for primary and secondary prevention of diabetes and its complications are discussed.
Asia Pac J Public Health
PMID:Diabetes in the indigenous population of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 1005 Jan 96

Two thousand five hundred and eight subjects from the state of Kelantan in North-East Peninsular Malaysia were included in this study to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 10.5% and impaired glucose tolerance was 16.5%. There was no difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus between males and females but the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was higher in females (19.0%) than in males (11.5%). Subjects with diabetes mellitus were more obese (38.4%) than normal subjects (24.1%). They also had a higher prevalence of hypertension (12.9%) and hypercholesterolaemia (71.9%) than normal subjects. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance also had a higher prevalence of obesity (35.5%), hypertension (9.0%) and hypercholesterolaemia (63.0%) than normal subjects. In conclusion, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance was high and they were associated with a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia.
Asia Pac J Public Health 1999
PMID:Diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular risk factors in north-east Malaysia. 1082 22

Allergy to common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has been reported from Europe and Japan, and a 24 kDa globulin protein has been identified as one of the major allergens. In China also another type, tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum) is grown and consumed. Three groups of individuals in Shanxi province, China, were investigated for buckwheat allergy using skin prick test. The groups were: agricultural researchers with occupational exposure to buckwheat (N = 16); workers in a food industry producing buckwheat noodles (N = 25), and patients with diabetes or cardiovascular disease consuming buckwheat as functional food (N = 20). Information on atopic disorders and adverse food reactions were collected by a doctors-administered questionnaire. One male industrial worker had a positive skin prick test to buckwheat, but no symptoms while eating or handling buckwheat products. In total, 34% consumed buckwheat food at least every week, and 23% had a weekly consumption of tartary buckwheat. The prevalence of doctor's diagnosed asthma was low (1.6%). Four subjects (6.6%) reported a history of allergic rhinitis, with allergy to cedar pollen, carnation and peach.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2000 Sep
PMID:Buckwheat allergy and reports on asthma and atopic disorders in Taiyuan City, Northern China. 1127 Apr 69


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