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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) and Interleukin 18 (IL-18) are key cytokines produced by macrophages during innate immune response. These cytokines can profoundly affect subsequent adaptive immune responses including autoimmunity. We have investigated the role of IL-15 and IL-18 in the development of autoimmune diabetes in mice induced by multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ). To analyze the role of IL-15, we tested the effects of a soluble murine IL-15 receptor alpha-chain (smIL-15Ralpha), on the development of MLD-STZ in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were treated with 10 daily injections of 32 microg of smIL-15Ralpha starting on the first day of diabetes induction. This treatment significantly attenuated the development of diabetes as evaluated by significantly lower glycemia compared with control mice treated with an inactive mutant form of sIL-15Ra. To directly address the role of IL-18 in MLD-STZ we used IL-18 knockout (KO) mice on DBA/1 background. IL-18 deficient mice were significantly more resistant to the induction of diabetes compared with the wild-type controls and did not develop the typical mononuclear cell infiltrates in the islets. Taken together our data suggest that the innate mediators, IL-15 and IL-18, are essential for the development of diabetes and may be important targets in prevention and early treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
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PMID:Lack of the mediators of innate immunity attenuate the development of autoimmune diabetes in mice. 1459 48

Autoimmune diseases including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are characterized by the loss of tolerance to self determinants, activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, and subsequent damage to target organs. Recent evidence suggests that the development of autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD), an animal model of IDDM, is under the control of dendritic cells. The potent antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells can be strongly influenced by the cell maturation state and by the cytokine milieu, and in fact these cells may acquire disparate functional abilities, from immunity to tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that, in the DBA/2 mouse, IFN-gamma potentiates the tolerogenic potential of a subset of splenic dendritic cells via activation of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and production of tryptophan catabolites capable of inducing apoptosis in T cells. In the present study, we wanted to examine whether dendritic cells from NOD mice could be subjected to regulation by proinflammatory cytokines in the same fashion as in conventional mice. We found that IFN-gamma does not potentiate the tolerogenic effects of dendritic cells from NOD mice at four weeks of age. This finding correlates with a low expression of IDO activity, thus suggesting that poor expression of IDO by dendritic cells may play a role in the development of diabetes.
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PMID:Tryptophan catabolism in nonobese diabetic mice. 1520 15

The mode of occurrence of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus-induced acute sialodacryoadenitis was investigated using three strains of mice differing in their sensitivity to EMC-D virus-induced diabetes (C57BL/6: resistant; BALB/c: moderately sensitive; DBA/2: highly sensitive). Mice were intranasally inoculated with high (10(5) PFU/mouse) or low dose (10(2) PFU/mouse) of EMC-D virus. Although there were individual differences, the blood virus titer generally reached the peak earlier in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group. Signals of viral RNA and histopathological changes were seen in parotid glands and intraorbital and extraorbital lachrymal glands. In these glands, signals of viral RNA and histopathological changes were detected only in acinar cells and initial lesions were characterized by pyknosis of acinar cells. Coagulative necrosis with interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration developed later in parotid glands of BALB/c mice of the high-dose group and in intraorbital and extraorbital lachrymal glands of all groups except for C57BL/6 mice of the low-dose group. Such changes were not observed in epithelial cells of the ductal system. The present results indicate that EMC-D virus shows clear tissue and cell tropism within the salivary and lachrymal glands, probably due to the distribution of receptors for EMC virus.
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PMID:Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced sialodacryoadenitis in mice. 1559 62

To identify new genetic determinants relevant to type 2 diabetes (T2D), diabetic F2 progeny were generated by intercrossing F1 mice obtained from a cross of BKS.Cg-Lepr(db)+/+m and DBA/2, and T2D-related phenotypes were measured. In the F2 population, increased susceptibility to diabetes and obesity was observed. We also detected the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) modifying the severity of diabetes on chromosome 9, where peaks of logarithm of odds (LOD) overlapped for three traits. To identify candidate genes in the QTL intervals, we combined "expression QTL" (eQTL), taking mRNA levels as quantitative traits, and "interstrain sequence variations, including cSNPs." As a result, four genes were identified from cosegregation of clinical QTL with eQTL and 13 genes were found from interstrain cSNPs as candidates in the T2D modifier QTL. Our combined approach shows the acceleration of the discovery of candidate genes in the QTL of interest, spanning several megabases.
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PMID:Identification of candidate genes in the type 2 diabetes modifier locus using expression QTL. 1582 Mar 11

Type 1 diabetes, a multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors, results from the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. The maternal environment has been suggested to be important in the development of diabetes. To assess the role of maternal factors in the development of insulitis and overt diabetes, we transplanted pre-implantation stage embryos of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of type 1 diabetes, into the uterus of each recipient. Recipients were ICR and DBA/2J mice without diabetic genetic predisposition and NOD mice not exhibiting overt diabetes during the experiment; offspring were designated as NOD/ICR, NOD/DBA, and NOD/NOD, respectively; unmanipulated NOD offspring were also examined. NOD/ICR and NOD/DBA offspring developed insulitis significantly earlier than NOD/NOD offspring. However, overt diabetes was significantly suppressed in NOD/ICR and NOD/DBA offspring in comparison with NOD/NOD offspring. Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) were undetectable in ICR and DBA/2J surrogate mothers and in NOD/ICR and NOD/DBA offspring at the onset of insulitis, suggesting that maternal factors other than transmitted IAAs induced the earlier onset. The present study indicates that altered maternal factors modify the immune response to islets, which in turn might affect the pathogenic course from insulitis to overt diabetes.
Diabetes 2005 Jul
PMID:Maternal factors in a model of type 1 diabetes differentially affect the development of insulitis and overt diabetes in offspring. 1598 3

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by islet dysfunction resulting in hyperglycemia, which can then lead to further deterioration in islet function. A possible mechanism for hyperglycemia-induced islet dysfunction is the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). The DBA/2 mouse develops pancreatic islet dysfunction when exposed to a high glucose environment and/or obesity-induced insulin resistance. To determine the biochemical cause of dysfunction, DBA/2 and C57BL/6 control islets were incubated in 11.1 mM or 40 mM glucose in the absence or presence of the AGE inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) for 10 days. Basal (2.8 mM glucose) insulin release was increased in both DBA/2 and C57BL/6 islets incubated with 40 mM vs 11.1 mM glucose for 10 days. Chronic exposure to hyperglycemia decreased glucose (20 mM)-stimulated insulin secretion in DBA/2 but not in C57BL/6 islets. AG significantly increased fold-induced insulin release in high glucose cultured DBA/2 mouse islets, but did not affect C57BL/6 islet function. DBA/2 islet glucokinase was significantly reduced following 40 mM glucose culture, compared with 11.1 mM glucose cultured DBA/2 islets and 40 mM glucose cultured C57BL/6 islets. Incubation of islets with AG resulted in a normalization of DBA/2 islet glucokinase levels. In conclusion, chronic high glucose-induced increases in AGE can result in islet dysfunction and this is associated with reduced glucokinase levels in a mouse model with susceptibility to islet failure.
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PMID:High glucose-induced impairment in insulin secretion is associated with reduction in islet glucokinase in a mouse model of susceptibility to islet dysfunction. 1608 20

With the goal of identifying optimal platforms for developing better models of diabetic nephropathy in mice, we compared renal effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes among five common inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, MRL/Mp, BALB/c, DBA/2, and 129/SvEv). We also evaluated the renal consequences of chemical and genetic diabetes on the same genetic background (C57BL/6). There was a hierarchical response of blood glucose level to the STZ regimen among the strains (DBA/2 > C57BL/6 > MRL/MP > 129/SvEv > BALB/c). In all five strains, males demonstrated much more robust hyperglycemia with STZ than females. STZ-induced diabetes was associated with modest levels of albuminuria in all of the strains but was greatest in the DBA/2 strain, which also had the most marked hyperglycemia. Renal structural changes on light microscopy were limited to the development of mesangial expansion, and, while there were some apparent differences among strains in susceptibility to renal pathological changes, there was a significant positive correlation between blood glucose and the degree of mesangial expansion, suggesting that most of the variability in renal pathological abnormalities was because of differences in hyperglycemia. Although the general character of renal involvement was similar between chemical and genetic diabetes, Akita mice developed more marked hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressures, and less variability in renal structural responses. Thus, among the strains and models tested, the DBA/2 genetic background and the Akita (Ins2(+/C96Y)) model may be the most useful platforms for model development.
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PMID:Impact of genetic background on nephropathy in diabetic mice. 1611 94

Differential susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy has been observed in humans, but it has not been well defined in inbred strains of mice. The present studies characterized the severity of diabetic nephropathy in six inbred mouse strains including C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, MRL/MpJ, A/J, and KK/HlJ mice. Diabetes mellitus was induced using low-dose streptozotocin injection. Progression of renal injury was evaluated by serial measurements of urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and terminal assessment of renal morphology over 25 weeks. Despite comparable levels of hyperglycemia, urinary albumin excretion and renal histopathological changes were dramatically different among strains. DBA/2J and KK/HlJ mice developed significantly more albuminuria than C57BL/6J, MRL/MpJ, and A/J mice. Severe glomerular mesangial expansion, nodular glomerulosclerosis, and arteriolar hyalinosis were observed in diabetic DBA/2J and KK/HlJ mice. Glomerular hyperfiltration was observed in all diabetic strains studied except A/J. The significant decline in GFR was not evident over the 25-week period of study, but diabetic DBA/2J mice exhibited a tendency for GFR to decline. Taken together, these results indicate that differential susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy exists in inbred mice. DBA/2J and KK/HlJ mice are more prone to diabetic nephropathy, whereas the most widely used C57BL/6J mice are relatively resistant to development of diabetic nephropathy.
Diabetes 2005 Sep
PMID:Characterization of susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to diabetic nephropathy. 1612 51

Most quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies have focused on detecting the genetic effects of individual QTLs. This study thoroughly dissected the genetic components of type 2 diabetic mice, including a search for epistatic interactions and multi-locus additive effects that result in variation in diabetes-related phenotypes. F2 population was generated from BKS.Cg-Leprdb+/+m and DBA/2 intercross and separated into six subpopulations by sex and the db-dependent diabetes severity. Single-locus and pairwise genome scans first identified the QTLs in these F2 subpopulations, and next covariate-dependent scans confirmed their sex-, db- and sex-by-db-specific effects in the combined populations. Single-locus genome scans detected four QTLs (QBIS1, QBIS2, QBIS3 and QBIS4) that presented their genetic effects beyond sex, but most QTLs showed their effects specifically in limited conditions. This highly conditional feature of the QTLs was accentuated in the pairwise analysis. The pairwise genome scans uncovered a total of 27 significantly interacting or additively acting pairs of loci, showing a better fit to explain the total phenotypic variation of the traits. These significant pairs affected the traits under constantly varying combinations of loci in a time series or in both sexes. In addition, pairwise analysis indicated the appropriate genetic background in constructing congenic strains to obtain the maximum power in the replication of phenotypes. Our study showed high degree of complexity in the genetics of type 2 diabetes in mice, and it suggested that a comprehensive understanding of the multi-locus effects was essential to disentangle the complex genetics of diabetes and obesity in humans.
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PMID:Multidimensional genome scans identify the combinations of genetic loci linked to diabetes-related phenotypes in mice. 1632 90

Whole-genome genetic association studies in outbred mouse populations represent a novel approach to identifying the molecular basis of naturally occurring genetic variants, the major source of quantitative variation between inbred strains of mice. Measuring multiple phenotypes in parallel on each mouse would make the approach cost effective, but protocols for phenotyping on a large enough scale have not been developed. In this article we describe the development and deployment of a protocol to collect measures on three models of human disease (anxiety, type II diabetes, and asthma) as well as measures of mouse blood biochemistry, immunology, and hematology. We report that the protocol delivers highly significant differences among the eight inbred strains (A/J, AKR/J, BALBc/J, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6 J, DBA/2 J, and LP/J), the progenitors of a genetically heterogeneous stock (HS) of mice. We report the successful collection of multiple phenotypes from 2000 outbred HS animals. The phenotypes measured in the protocol form the basis of a large-scale investigation into the genetic basis of complex traits in mice designed to examine interactions between genes and between genes and environment, as well as the main effects of genetic variants on phenotypes.
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PMID:A protocol for high-throughput phenotyping, suitable for quantitative trait analysis in mice. 1646 93


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