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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fluorophotometry was used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barriers to fluorescein in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats. This technique allowed quantitation of ocular fluorescein concentrations following intravenous injection. Streptozotacin-induced diabetes resulted in an increased fluorescein accumulation in the anterior chamber (1.52 +/- 0.17 microgram/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.) and vitreous (0.82 +/- 0.11) over baseline nondiabetic levels (0.68 +/- 0.80 and 0.40 +/- 0.03, respectively). Fluorophotometry was repeated at 5, 13, and 20 days following portal vein pancreatic islet transplantation. At 5 days anterior chamber (1.40 +/- 0.17) and vitreous (0.61 +/- 0.08) fluorescein concentrations remained elevated. However, at 13 and 20 days following islet transplantation, ocular fluorescein concentrations were identical to levels observed prior to the induction of diabetes. Intravenous glucose (0.5 gm/kg) tolerance testing was performed 5 and 13 days following transplantation. The glucose responses to the tolerance test were normal and similar at both times. However, at 5 days the insulin response was abnormal with a decreased initial peak and an absent second peak. At 13 days there was a normal biphasic insulin response. In experimental diabetes mellitus ocular vascular permeability was more closely correlated with insulin than blood glucose abnormalities.
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PMID:Ocular fluorophotometry in streptozotocin diabetes mellitus in the rat: effect of pancreatic islet isografts. 11 69

Glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon secretion were examined sequentially during 6 months of calorie and carbohydrate restriction in an obese, recent-onset, ketosis-resistant diabetic adult. The subject was then followed for 9 additional months, during which some weight was regained. Fasting plasma glucose levels returned to normal after 6 week of calorie restriction and remained normal during periods of carbohydrate refeeding. Normalization of 2-h plasma glucose concentrations after a standard oral carbohydrate load required 5 months, and glucose disposal after an iv glucose load did not return to normal until the end of the study. Insulin secretion in response to oral glucose reached maximal levels during the first months of weight reduction and then decreased as glucose tolerance continued to improve. Acute phase insulin release in response to iv glucose gradually increased throughout the study. Glucagon stimulation by iv arginine and suppression by iv glucose also returned to normal levels slowly over several months. Abnormalities in glucose tolerance and glucoregulatory hormone secretion of ketosis-resistant diabetes are totally reversible with prolonged dietary therapy. Reduction in tissue resistance to the action of insulin also appeared to be of major importance in the recovery of normal glucose tolerance in this subject.
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PMID:Normalization of insulin and glucagon secretion in ketosis-resistant diabetes mellitus with prolonged diet therapy. 11 19

Combined renal and pancreatic transplantation in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency is designed to improve the poor prognosis observed with hemodialysis or renal transplantation alone. Interest has recently shifted from pancreatic organ to islet transplantation, in view of the absence of complications with the latter. However, no permanent success with islet transplants in diabetic patients has so far been reported. In the series presented, one patient with juvenile diabetes and subsequent renal failure was successfully treated with simultaneous kidney and intrasplenic pancreatic islet allotransplants. One year after the operation the patient has normal blood glucose levels without exogenous insulin, despite treatment with prednisone.
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PMID:[Successful allotransplantation of an island of Langerhans]. 11 44

The role of preserved beta-cell function in preventing ketoacidosis in type I insulin-dependent diabetes was assessed in eight patients with and seven patients without residual beta-cell function as determined from C-peptide concentrations. After 12 hours of insulin fatty-acid, and glycerol concentrations were all significantly higher in patients without beta-cell function than in those with residual secretion. Mean blood glucose concentrations reached 17.2 +/- SE of mean 1.3 mmol/l (310 +/- 23 mg/100 ml) in the first group compared with 8.8 +/- 1.4 mmol/l (159 +/- 25 mg/100 ml) in the second (P less than 0.01), while 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose to 5.5 +/- mmol/l (57 +/- 5 mg/100 ml) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (15 +/- 3 mg/100 ml) in the two groups respectively (P less than 0.01). Individual mean C-peptide concentrations showed a significant inverse correlation with the final blood glucose values (r = -0.91; P less than 0.02). These findings strongly suggest that even minimal residual insulin secretion is important for metabolic wellbeing in diabetes and may prevent the development of severe ketoacidosis when insulin delivery is inadequate.
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PMID:Role of residual insulin secretion in protecting against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes. 11 78

The results of a longterm study showed that only a relatively small percentage of patients with limiting disturbance of glucose tolerance progressed in the direction of diabetic manifestation. There seems therefore to be grounds for the diagnostic term diabetes to be used only for clinically overt diabetes mellitus and to allow the definitions "subclinical diabetes, chemical diabetes, latent diabetes and symptomatic diabetes" to fall into disuse. On the question of quantity for the glucose tolerance test a 75 g load was proposed as a compromise because of the occasional poor tolerance of the 100 g load. For reasons of international comparability it seems better to adhere to the 50 to 100 g load as before.
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PMID:[Present day problems in the diagnosis of diabetes (author's transl)]. 11 65

Isolated pancreatic islets were administered to Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Then the rats were fed either a semisynthetic diet containing 60% (wt/wt) sucrose for 3 weeks or were continued on chow. Transplantation resulted in a decrease in serum glucose, an increase in serum insulin, and a marked decrease in serum triacylglycerol, particularly in the sucrose-fed diabetic rats. In these rats, in demarcated areas of hepatocytes surrounding portal vein termini, lipid was deposited in the cytosol and large lipoprotein particles engorged the Golgi apparatus, Golgi-derived secretory vacuoles, and GERL. This model permits observation of the effects of pancreatic islet hormones on lipogenesis by hepatocytes in situ.
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PMID:Biochemical and morphologic studies on diabetic rats: effects of sucrose-enriched diet in rats with pancreatic islet transplants. 11 59

A metabolic monitoring system is described that allows the simultaneous and automatic in vivo analysis of the metabolic parameters glucose, pH, and pCO2 as well as the computer-controlled automation of the possible necessary infusion therapy. This bedside system has proved to be useful in treating acidotically and non-acidotically decompensated diabetes mellitus. Our experience with this system is as follows: 1. quick correction of the acidosis without danger of alkalosis, 2. shorter period of treatment, 3. considerably reduced insulin requirement, 4. no danger of hypoglycemia, and 5. minimum net blood withdrawal (1.2 ml/h). The efficiency of this system is demonstrated by examples.
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PMID:Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with a computer-controlled bedside monitoring and infusion system. 11 98

Platelet aggregation and adhesion are commonly increased in diabetes mellitus. These abnormalities may in part be responsible for the increased incidence of vascular disease in diabetics. We have investigated the effects of diet, diet plus glibenclamide, and diet plus gliclazide on plasma glucose control and platelet function in 10 newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetics who had not previously been treated. Before treatment, the mean postprandial plasma glucose value was 13,4 +/- 0,8 mmol/l, which fell insignificantly on dietary treatment, to 12,2 +/- 1,0 mmol/l (P greater than 0,05). Both glibenclamide and gliclazide, when added to the diet, significantly lowered mean plasma glucose values to 9,3 +/- 0,8 mmol/l and 7,8 +/- 0,8 mmol/l respectively (P less than 0,05). Platelet aggregation in response to 1 mumol adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was increased in the diet period, whereas aggregation in response to 10 mumol and 100 mumol was normal. This suggests an increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP in diabetic patients. The addition of both glibenclamide and gliclazide reduced the magnitude of the response to within the normal range. Platelet aggregation in response to 10 mumol adrenaline and 750 micrograms/ml collagen was significantly reduced by glibenclamide (P less than 0,05). We conclude that sulphonylurea therapy appears to reduce the increased platelet aggregation which occurs in diabetics. This may play a role in the prevention of vascular disease.
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PMID:Effects of the sulphonylurea drugs gliclazide and glibenclamide on blood glucose control and platelet function. 12 45

Immediately after cataract extraction, lenses from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were collected, classified, and assayed or incubated in high-glucose medium. The distribution of cataract types within the diabetic and nondiabetic groups was almost identical. The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses. While there was no difference in the level of intralenticular glucose, the diabetic lens produced significantly more sorbitol than did the nondiabetic lens. Also, the activity of polyol dehydrogenase (PD) was much lower in the diabetic population. The diabetic lenses swelled slightly more (P <.2) than nondiabetic lenses in high glucose media, and AY22,284 was effective in reducing the swelling of diabetic lenses in 35.5 mM glucose medium. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that diabetes, in some way, may confer on the human lens an increased susceptibility to osmotic stress via the sorbitol pathway. It is also reassuring to note that an AR inhibitor is no less effective in blocking the more active AR in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic lens. The therapeutic implications of this are discussed.
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PMID:Efficacy of Alrestatin, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in human diabetic and nondiabetic lenses. 12 68

The increased level of the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) in the diabetic patient has proved to be an interesting clue to understanding the biochemical basis of the sequelae of diabetes. This minor hemoglobin, which arises as nonenzymatic postsynthetic addition of glucose to hemoglobin A, acts as an indicator molecule for the glucose environment over a 3-5-wk period prior to measurement. Reasoning that a similar glycosylation reaction could be occurring with other body proteins, we have studied the ocular lens. The lens, like the erythrocyte, is not dependent on insulin for glucose concentration in the extracellular milieu that would be elevated in the diabetic state. These studies have revealed that a high glucose in vivo or an increased glucose or glucose-6-phosphate concentration in vitro leads to the glycosylation of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in bovine and rat lens crystallins. This glycosylation imparts an increased susceptibility of the crystallins to sulfhydryl oxidation. Disulfide crosslinks result in the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and an opalescence of the crystallin solutions.
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PMID:Role of nonenzymatic glycosylation in the development of the sequelae of diabetes mellitus. 12 96


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