Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aims were to see whether p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) administration affects the serum insulin concentration in mice in vivo, whether the transitory hyperglycemia induced in fed mice by treatment with PMB is affected by L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose or insulin, and whether PMB affects the B-cell toxicity of alloxan. A significant decrease in the serum insulin concentration was found 1 and 2 h following PMB injection in fed and starved mice. PMB-induced hyperglycemia was abolished by pre-treatment with L-leucine and tolbutamide, but not by pre-treatment with D-mannoheptulose, or by post-treatment with insulin. Pre-treatment of fed mice with PMB caused potentiation of the initial hyperglycemia following alloxan, but inhibited the second hyperglycemic phase. These findings indicate that PMB treatment of mice has a transient inhibitory influence upon insulin secretion, and protects against the development of alloxan diabetes.
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PMID:p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate-induced hyperglycemia: influence of pre- and post-treatment with L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose, insulin and alloxan. 39 87

Ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally to rats induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone, while it tended to increase plasma glucose and to decrease plasma immunoreactive insulin. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of ginseng saponin increased plasma corticosterone in unanesthetized, pentobarbital-anesthetized or alloxan-diabetes rats. The histamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine, whereas the ginseng-induced rise was not. Ginseng saponin decreased rectal temperature while it increased plasma corticosterone. Ginseng-induced corticosterone secretion was superimposed on the basal levels of plasma corticosterone due to fasting and circadian rhythm. Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.
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PMID:Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion. 39 51

The sorbitol pathway catalyzes the conversion of glucose to fructose via the intermediate sorbitol. It consists of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). In adult (44 day) kidney zones, AR was highest in the outer medulla. In substructures AR was highest in distal convoluted tubule. The AR was greatest in newborn and 8-day zones of developing rat kidney. Acute alloxan diabetes was associated with decreased AR in small arteries, but not glomeruli. The SDH was lowest in outer medulla. It was most active in glomeruli and distal convoluted tubules. The diabetic state leads to no change of SDH in arteries but an increase in glomeruli. SDH increased with development. This study demonstrates AR and SDH in substructures of the kidney. The pathway is present in developing kidney. In diabetes the enzymatic changes would tend to decrease accumulation of sorbitol.
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PMID:Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in rat kidney. 40 44

In alloxan diabetes, serum zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were significantly higher than in normal rats, while the level of serum calcium, sodium, and potassium was lower than normal. Treatment with daonil or insulin led to a normalization, as expected of the level of serum glucose and most of the other elements, except for iron and potassium. When lycanol was used for treatment, the level of all elements returned to the normal except for blood glucose, zinc and potassium.
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PMID:Serum mineral changes in alloxan diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycemic drugs. 40 72

An artificial pancreas consisting of beta cells cultured on synthetic semipermeable hollow fibers was tested in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. When implanted ex vivo as arteriovenous shunts in the circulatory system these devices lowered concentrations of plasma glucose from 533 to between 110 and 130 milligrams per 100 milliliters, increased concentrations of plasma insulin, and restored intravenous glucose tolerance tests essentially to normal.
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PMID:Artificial pancreas using living beta cells:. effects on glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. 40 49

In alloxan diabetes, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were significantly increased compared to normal rats, while the level of serum alkaline phosphatale was decreased. Treatment with insulin led to lowering of serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin while serum alkaline phosphatase remained low. Then lycanol or daonil were used for treatment, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were changes towards normalization, while ceruloplasmin returned to normal values. Serum-alkaline phosphatase increased after 7 and 14 days from treatment with oral hypolygylcaemic drugs. In dithizonized diabetic animals, the levels of serum GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase were found to be higher than normal, while ceruloplasmin levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin all serum enzyme activities were normalized.
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PMID:Serum enzyme changes in experimental diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycaemic drugs. 41 44

Experiments were conducted on the placentae of 18 female Wistar rats. Alloxan diabetes was induced in prepubertal rats; in some of the animals diabetes was compensated by sulphanilamides before pregnancy. Histological examination of the placentae demonstrated that prematurity signs (the presence of cytotrophoblastic and giant cells in the labyrinth) and vascular affection were determined in the manifest alloxan diabetes. These changes were less pronounced in rats with compensated diabetes. It was demonstrated with the aid of contact microscope that, in comparison with the treated rats and control animals, rats with alloxan diabetes displayed in vivo a significant (p less than 0.001) increase of the number of vessels in the field of vision; it was also noted that in rats with alloxan diabetes and treated rats the vessels were tortuous.
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PMID:[Morphologic studies of the placenta in alloxan diabetes]. 41 90

We investigated the responsiveness of isolated diabetic and normal rabbit aortic strips to norepinephrine. Alloxan, 160 mg/kg, was administered intravenously 1 mo before experiments were performed. Helically cut thoracic aortic strips from diabetic and control animals were suspended side by side in the same muscle bath. The maximum contractile response to norepinephrine of diabetic strips was 68 +/- 5% of control in eight pairs of animals (P less than 0.001). This differential response was not changed by propranolol or cocaine, indicating that it is not explained by either enhanced beta receptor activity or more avid uptake of norepinephrine by nerve endings. Tyramine responses displayed the same differential, suggesting that endogenous release of norepinephrine also results in a lower response of diabetic aortic strips. Maximum responses to KCl were also markedly depressed in strips from nine diabetic rabbits (P less than 0.005). This indicates that the diabetes-induced changes occur at a stage in contraction beyond alpha-receptor activation.
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PMID:Diminished contractile response of aortas from diabetic rabbits. 42 Mar 12

In alloxan-treated diabetic rats, plasma renin activity (PRA) is decreased. One possible mechanism that may explain the decreased PRA is an increased delivery of sodium to the macula densa produced by the glucose osmotic diuresis, resulting in decreased renin release. To evaluate this possible mechanism, rats with phlorhizin diabetes, which produces a glucose osmotic diuresis without hyperglycemia, were studied and compared with rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Whereas phlorhizin-treated rats had low blood glucose and alloxan-treated rats had elevated glucose, the glucose osmotic diuresis was similar in the two groups. PRA and plasma renin concentration (PRC) were significantly increased in the phlorhizin group. In the alloxan group, PRA was decreased and angiotensin II sensitivity increased, both significantly. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) remained adequate in each group. These results suggest that the decreased PRA in alloxan-induced diabetes is due neither to factors associated with the glucose osmotic diuresis including changes in renal tubular sodium not to decreased PRS.
Diabetes 1979 Feb
PMID:Renin-angiotensin system in phlorhizin compared with alloxan diabetes in the rat. 42 68

The effect of diabetes on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane has been studied in the rat with the aid of injected tracer doses of tritiated proline. At various times after administration of the labeled amino acid, the specific radioactivities of the proline and hydroxyproline of the basement membranes from alloxan diabetic rats were determined and compared with those of age-matched normal rats. In both normal and diabetic animals the incorporation of radioactivity into the basement membrane was slow and, after a maximum was reached, an extended period of almost constant specific activity of proline and hydroxyproline was observed. The diabetic basement membrane, however, differed from the normal by attaining specific activities of the amino acids which were about twice as high as normal (P less than 0.001 at 42 h after injection of radioisotope). Although the proline concentration of serum and renal cortical fluid was the same in normal and diabetic rats, there were substantial differences in the specific activity of this precursor amino acid in these pools that had to be taken into account to compare the two types of animals. The results of the present study are consistent with an accelerated rate of glomerular basement membrane polypeptide synthesis and proline hydroxylation in diabetes.
Diabetes 1979 Feb
PMID:Glomerular basement membrane metabolism in the diabetic rat. In vivo studies. 42 69


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