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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tests were carried out on the influence of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus on the metabolism and the ultrastructure of ovaries of juvenile rats. The diabetes mellitus caused the following changes in the metabolism: reduction in the concentration of ATP and NADPH, increase in the lactate/pyruvate quotient to above 40, reduction in the ATP/ADP quotient to below 1, reduction in the level of activity of the hydrogen-conveying enzymes G-6-P-dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, increase in the level of activity of the alkaline phosphatase, reduction of the protein content. Ultrastructure: almost complete disappearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, shrinkage of the mitochondria, reduction of the cristae and condensation of the matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum remains unchanged, the extent of the Golgi-complex is reduced. Easy removal of the lipid deposits.
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PMID:Metabolism and ultrastructure in ovaries of alloxan-diabetic juvenile rats. 0 67

Isoenzymes NAD-and NaDP MDH were detected in the cardiac muscle of rabbits by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Alloxan diabetes proved to be accompanied by a significant reduction in the activity of mitochondrial NADP MDH (in the reaction of malic decarboxylation) and its increase in cytozol. The activity of NAD-MDH (in the reaction of oxyacetate reduction) was also decreased in various isoenzymes in the myocardium (particularly in the mitochondria) in diabetes. Insulin restored the correlation of the activities of the isoenzymes NAD- and NADP-MDH in the cytostructures of the myocardium disturbed in diabetes.
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PMID:[Activity of NAD- and NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the myocardium of rabbits with alloxan diabetes]. 0 94

Male and female virgin rats and breeder rats with naturally-occurring diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis, were made severely diabetic with a single, subcutaneous injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g b.w.), after an 18 h fast. During five months of unrelenting diabetes, some animals became obese while others became emaciated. Only the emaciated animals survived but they were blind, their adrenal glands were hemorrhagic, hypertrophied and thrombosed, thymi involuted, kidneys swollen, hearts reduced in size while testes and ovaries were atrophic. Serum CPK, SGOT and SGPT were elevated concomitant with extensive cardiovascular damage, hepatic steatosis and generalized catabolism. Circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids were markedly elevated with total cholesterol only slightly increased. BUN and serum calcium levels were also greatly elevated. Sub-normal Cmpd. B levels indicated impaired adrenal steroidogenesis. Virgin rats developed arteriosclerosis and male and female breeder rats showed exacerbation of their pre-existing aortic sclerosis as well as P.A.N. lesions in their small-sized arteries. It is believed that severe diabetes causes exacerbation of the endogenous hormonal milieu resulting from abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function induced by repeated breeding, which conditions the connective tissue components of the arterial wall of rats toward accelerated degenerative changes.
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PMID:Polyarteritis nodosa induced in arteriosclerotic, male and female breeder rats by chronic alloxan diabetes. 1 32

The content of NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH in the liver of normal, fasting rats, those on the low-carbohydrate diet and suffering from alloxan diabetes was studied as affected by nictotinamide. Changes in the NAD+ content, sum of nicotinamide coenzymes, the [NAD+] + [NADP+]/[NADH] +/- [NADPH] and [NAD+] + [NADH] (sum of nicotinamide coenzymes) ratios are mainly due to nicotinamide administration. Changes in the content of reduced forms of both nucleotides depend equally on nicotinamide administration and the physiological state of animals. Response of the rat organism to nicotinamide administration consists in a sharp intensification of NAD+ synthesis and in a less pronounced intensification of NADH, NADP+ and NADPH synthesis.
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PMID:[Content of nicotinamide coenzymes in rat liver under conditions of nicotinamide administration]. 2 48

Glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities of brain and liver homogenates of rats suffering from alloxan diabetes were determined in the soluble fraction (fraction 1) and in that obtained after treatment with 0.2 percent deoxycholate (fraction 2). The results obtained indicate that the activities of these enzymes in homogenates of brain and liver of diabetic animals does not differ from that of normal animals. gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity of brain is significantly reduced (about 5 fold) in the soluble fraction while glutamine synthetase activity is not much changed. The activities of glutamine-synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase of the 2-nd fraction obtained from rat brain and liver are very much higher than in the first fraction and are not considerably different from the activities observed in normal animals. In contrast to brain, glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities of liver of diabetic animals do not differ from the activities observed in normal animals, both in the homogenates and in the 1-st and 2-nd fractions.
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PMID:[Rat brain and liver glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in alloxan diabetes (IV)]. 2 8

Experimentally-induced alloxan diabetes was characterized in rats by a marked increase in the blood glucose level and by a number of disturbances in the concentration of metabolites and the activity of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis in diabetes was judged by reduction of the redox condition of free NAD- and NADP-couples, by the increase in the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, malic oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity of the liver. Nicotinamide in a dose of 50 mg per 100 g of body weight caused a marked reduction in the blood glucose level of diabetic rats. An increase of the [NAD+]/[NADN], [NADP+]/[NADPN] ratio, a reduction of the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, malate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity pointed to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis and stimulation of glycolysis in the liver of diabetic rats given nicotinamide.
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PMID:[Hypoglycemic effect of nicotinamide in rats with alloxan diabetes]. 2 43

Using stereological techniques, including semi-automatic image analysis, the B-cell mitochondria were studied in the pancreatic islets from one group of control mice and two groups of mice killed 10 min and 60 min, respectively, after alloxan administration. Ten min following alloxan the mitochondrial volume and envelope surface densities, the mean mitochondrial volume and surface area, and the area of mitochondrial profiles were significantly increased, whereas the mitochondrial numerical density was not significantly altered. At the 60 min observation time the mitochondrial volume density, the mean mitochondrial volume and surface areas, and the area of mitochondrial profiles were significantly decreased, whereas the mitochondrial envelope surface was not significantly altered. The findings indicate a rapid swelling, followed by disintegration of the mitochondria in the B-cells of alloxan-treated mice, thereby supporting our view that mitochondrial lesions play a primary role in the development of alloxan diabetes. These lesions are believed to be due to ionic alterations in the B-cells ("Pi-pH hypothesis").
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PMID:Stereological study of B-cell mitochondria in alloxan-treated mice. 4 16

In adrenalectomized rats the effect of i.v. injection of glucose and ATP on insulin changes in external jugular vein was determined in normal and alloxan diabetic animals. In another set of experiments the direct effect of ATP on insulin secretion was investigated. Glucose and ATP were injected in the carotid artery and the blood samples were withdrawn from the portal vein. In these experiments there was immediate and excessive production of insulin release in the portal vein after ATP injection in the carotid artery. In alloxan diabetic rats, despite the high blood glucose levels, the plasma insulin was low and did not respond to glucose stimulation. ATP could increase the sensitivity of the diabetic rats to glucose. The possible role of purinergic nerves in insulin secretion is discussed. It is concluded that multiple innervation of the islets by purinergic, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves, regulate insulin secretion. It is suggested that: 1. Purinergic nerve stimulation is more specific for insulin secretion. 2. ATP is considered the principal transmitter released from purinergic nerves causing insulin secretion. 3. The insulin stimulatory effect normally produced by glucose is through purinergic nerves. 4. It could be possible that one of the causes of diabetes is a defect in the purinergic innervation of the islet cells thus the sensitivity of the islets to glucose is decreased.
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PMID:The purinergic nerve hypothesis and insulin secretion. 4 35

Structures resembling the cyst form of Pneumocystis carinii were noted in the lungs of alloxan-diabetic rabbits to whom spores of several species of fungi belonging to the class zygomycetes had been administered by intranasal instillation. At 24 to 168 hours after the instillation of spores, these rabbits succumbed to diabetes or zygomycete infection, or both, and the possibility of a mixed infection with both fungus and P. carinii could not be ruled out on morphologic criteria alone. To resolve the dilemma, rabbit lung tissue was examined by the fluorescent antibody procedure with labeled P. carinii antibodies. The labeled antibodies did not stain structures that resembled P. carinii but stained P. carinii cells in control rat lung infected with this organism. Investigators should be aware of the difficulty that may arise in differentiating the cyst form of P. carinii from spores of some fungi. The direct fluorescent antibody procedure for P. carinii appears to be very useful for differentiating P. carinii cysts from fungal spores.
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PMID:Morphologic resemblance of zygomycete spores to Pneumocystis carinii cysts in tissue. 6 38

Isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from sexually immature rats by means of collagenase. Interperitoneal isotransplantation of the islets to rats with alloxan diabetes caused an improvement of their condition, normoglycemia, and elevation of the immunoreactive insulin level, and prolonged survival of these rats, in the presence of coarse morphological changes in the endocrine part of the pancreas of the recipient (in 2--4 weeks). It is suggested that the insular cells of the islets of Langerhans isolated from the immature rats were viable.
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PMID:[Isolation of the islands of Langerhans and their transplantation under experimental conditions]. 9 54


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