Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vitamin D has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities in the healthy population and in various disease states. There are few data on the quantification of vitamin D status and inflammation with respect to changes in bone mineral density among renal transplantation patients. We analyzed the influence of vitamin D levels on allograft function and inflammatory status at the time of enrollment and at 1-year follow-up. Sixty-four renal transplant patients, including 38 males, showed an overall age of 38.61 +/- 1.05 years, had a mean graft age of 6.15 +/- 3.17 years. We excluded patients who had diabetes mellitus, chronic inflammatory disease, or chronic allograft nephropathy. We obtained pre- and posttransplantation serum samples and daily proteinuria on each patient. Measurements of bone mineral density were performed by dual-energy X-ray absortiometry. After enrollment, we followed the patients for 1 year. Thereafter we assessed serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, albumin, and spot urinary protein levels. The patients were divided into two groups based upon vitamin D levels: group I (n = 29), <20 microg/L versus group II (n = 35), >or=20 microg/L. There was no significant difference in intact parathyroid hormone levels between the two groups. Vitamin D level positively correlated with serum creatinine (r = .32, P = .01) and serum albumin levels (r = .28, P = .023) at the time of enrollment. At 1 year, patients in group I showed significantly higher creatinine (P < .001) and proteinuria levels (P < .05) than those in group II. Low vitamin D levels are not uncommon among renal transplant recipients. There was a significant association of vitamin D levels with renal allograft function. Low vitamin D levels may be a predictor of worsening of graft function and increasing proteinuria.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D status, bone mineral density, and inflammation in kidney transplantation patients. 1976 46

Vitamin D deficiency is an increasingly described phenomenon worldwide, with well-known impacts on calcium metabolism and bone health. Vitamin D has also been associated with chronic health problems such as bowel and colonic cancer, arthritis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In recent decades, there has been increased awareness of the impact of vitamin D on muscle morphology and function, but this is not well recognized in the Sports Medicine literature. In the early 20th century, athletes and coaches felt that ultraviolet rays had a positive impact on athletic performance, and increasingly, evidence is accumulating to support this view. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies allude to a functional role for vitamin D in muscle and more recently the discovery of the vitamin D receptor in muscle tissue provides a mechanistic understanding of the function of vitamin D within muscle. The identification of broad genomic and non-genomic roles for vitamin D within skeletal muscle has highlighted the potential impact vitamin D deficiency may have on both under-performance and the risk of injury in athletes. This review describes the current understanding of the role vitamin D plays within skeletal muscle tissue.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D and human skeletal muscle. 1980 97

Vitamin D exerts its physiological functions on calcium and bone metabolism in humans through the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3). The other spectrum of vitamin D activities includes important effects on cellular proliferation, differentiation and the immune system. These effects are mediated through the intracellularly located vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is a member of the steroid, estrogen and retinoid receptor gene family of proteins that mediate transcriptional activities of the respective ligands. The VDR complex binds in the nucleus to the vitamin D responsive element on the gene. Several polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been described including FokI in exon 2, BsmI and ApaI in intron 8 and TaqI in exon 9. Alterations in vitamin D-1,25 (OH)2D3 levels and polymorphisms of VDR gene have been shown to be associated with several malignant or autoimmune diseases such as sclerosis multiplex, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, malignant melanoma, and psoriasis vulgaris. The effects of VDR gene polymorphisms including immunomodulation, stimulation of cellular differentiation and inhibition of proliferation make it a possible candidate for therapy of psoriasis as well as for the psoriasis gene modification. The objective of this article is to present the state-of-the-art in the VDR gene polymorphism research in psoriasis vulgaris.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D endocrine system and psoriasis vulgaris--review of the literature. 1981 18

Many readers may have only a vague idea about vitamin D. This is made complicated, in part, because it is also expressed with suffixes such as vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3). Otherwise the prefix of "active" is also occasionally used. Vitamin D is often referred to as an important nutrient for calcium intake, especially for growing children and the elderly. On the other hand, it serves as a therapeutic drug for osteoporosis and psoriasis. Recent studies have suggested an association with a number of diseases such as cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The author has been involved in the research and development of vitamin D applications for over 25 years, and has often witnessed even world-class experts confuse the two roles - vitamin and hormone - of "substance" D. Assuming some readers are not familiar with vitamin D, D hormone or osteoporosis, an outline of vitamin D and D hormone is delineated with a particular focus on the treatment of osteoporosis. Furthermore, development of alfacalcidol as the first prodrug of D hormone (calcitriol) and eldecalcitol as a characteristic new D hormone derivative and basic relationship between calcemic activity and effect on bone in vitamin D (cholecalciferol), D hormone (calcitriol/alfacalcidol), and a new D hormone derivative (eldecalcitol) are introduced.
 ...
PMID:D-hormone derivatives for the treatment of osteoporosis: from alfacalcidol to eldecalcitol. 1992 15

Strong evidence indicates that many or most adults in the United States and Europe would benefit from vitamin D supplements with respect to fracture and fall prevention, and possibly other public health targets, such as cardiovascular health, diabetes and cancer. This review discusses the amount of vitamin D supplementation needed and a desirable 25-hydroxyvitamin D level to be achieved for optimal musculoskeletal health. Vitamin D modulates fracture risk in two ways: by decreasing falls and increasing bone density. Two most recent meta-analyses of double-blind randomised controlled trials came to the conclusion that vitamin D reduces the risk of falls by 19%, the risk of hip fracture by 18% and the risk of any non-vertebral fracture by 20%; however, this benefit was dose dependent. Fall prevention was only observed in a trial of at least 700 IU vitamin D per day, and fracture prevention required a received dose (treatment dose*adherence) of more than 400 IU vitamin D per day. Anti-fall efficacy started with achieved 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of at least 60 nmol l(-1) (24 ng ml(-1)) and anti-fracture efficacy started with achieved 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of at least 75 nmol l(-1) (30 ng ml(-1)) and both endpoints improved further with higher achieved 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Founded on these evidence-based data derived from the general older population, vitamin D supplementation should be at least 700-1000 IU per day and taken with good adherence to cover the needs for both fall and fracture prevention. Ideally, the target range for 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be at least 75 nmol l(-1), which may need more than 700-1000 IU vitamin D in individuals with severe vitamin D deficiency or those overweight.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary? 1994 90

Diabetes mellitus is a common health problem with serious consequences. Researches suggested the relationship between diabetes and endodontic problems. Vitamin D has important biologic effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin release and response, and is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Vitamin D can also influence the alveolar bone formation and inflammatory reactions in periradicular tissues. The hypothesis we proposed is that vitamin D may be beneficial to the prognosis of endodontic treatment for diabetic patients through two pathways.
 ...
PMID:Can vitamin D intake assist in improving the outcome of endodontic treatment for diabetic patients? 1996 49

Vitamin D deficiency is common in the developing countries and exists in both childhood and adult life. The great importance of Vitamin D is the moderation of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) homeostasis as well as the absorption of Ca. While insufficiency of vitamin D is a significant contributing factor to risk of rickets in childhood, it is possible that a more marginal deficiency of vitamin D during life span contribute to osteoporosis as well as potentially to the development and various other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. This paper reviews the metabolism, epidemiology, and treatment of vitamin D and calcium insufficiency as well as its relation to various diseases during childhood and adolescence.
 ...
PMID:Possible Health Implications and Low Vitamin D Status during Childhood and Adolescence: An Updated Mini Review. 2001 Oct 95

Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem, accounting for significant premature mortality and morbidity. The growth in prevalence of the condition appears to be closely linked with obesity. Over the last 5 years, a number of large observational studies have suggested an association between the onset of type 2 diabetes and Vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D has important effects on insulin action, and may impact on a number of pathways which may be of importance in the development of type 2 diabetes. This article reviews the evidence linking Vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and suggests areas for urgent further research to determine whether Vitamin D replacement has a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes. 2006 37

Vitamin D has a number of pleiotropic effects in a variety of tissues, in addition to its well-known effects on mineral metabolism. To determine whether it has an effect on erythropoiesis, we studied the association of the components of the vitamin D axis with the prevalence and severity of anemia in chronic kidney disease. We measured the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), and hemoglobin in a cross-sectional study of 1661 subjects in SEEK, a multi-center cohort study of chronic kidney disease patients in the United States, of whom 41% met the criteria for anemia. The mean hemoglobin concentrations significantly decreased with decreasing tertiles of 25D and 1,25D. These linear trends remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, eGFR, diabetes, and parathyroid hormone. In similarly adjusted models, the lowest tertiles of 25D and 1,25D were independently associated with 2.8- and 2.0-fold increased prevalence of anemia compared with their respective highest tertiles. Patients with severe dual deficiency of 25D and 1,25D had a 5.4-fold prevalence of anemia compared with those replete in both. Our study shows that 25D and 1,25D deficiency are independently associated with decreased hemoglobin levels and anemia in chronic kidney disease. Whether this association is causal requires further study.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D deficiency and anemia in early chronic kidney disease. 2013 May 25

On the basis of evidence from animal and human studies, vitamin D has emerged as a potential risk modifier for type 1 and type 2 diabetes (type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes). Vitamin D is thought to have both direct (through activation of the vitamin D receptor) and indirect (via regulation of calcium homeostasis) effects on various mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of both types of diabetes, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin action and systemic inflammation. Observational case-control studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy or early childhood is associated with reduced risk of incident type 1 diabetes. There are no trials on the effect of vitamin D (ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol) on type 1 diabetes. An association between vitamin D insufficiency and incident type 2 diabetes has been reported in longitudinal observational studies, but the association is not consistent. Results from small underpowered trials and post-hoc analyses of data from larger trials designed for bone-specific outcomes show no effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemia in healthy adults but vitamin D may retard the progression to diabetes in adults with glucose intolerance. Because vitamin D is an excellent marker of general health status, the positive results reported in some observational studies might reflect unmeasured and unaccounted confounding. Therefore, the hypothesis that vitamin D may modify diabetes risk needs to be confirmed in trials specifically designed for that purpose.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D and diabetes. 2030 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>