Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 3-year-old boy with diabetes mellitus contracted meningitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The disease lasted for several months in spite of antibiotic treatment. Diabetes mellitus was poorly controlled and hypoglycemia often occured. Immunoglobulin levels were normal. Investigations of leukocyte functions showed (no bactericidal activity), decreased phagocytic activity and very low NBT dye reduction by neutrophils during phagocytosis. Under the administration of polymixin, leukocyte transfusions and stabilization of glycemia the pathological clinical and laboratory findings disappeared within three weeks. Serial investigations of leukocyte function showed a gradual recovery of normal activity.
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PMID:[Reversible bactericidal defect of leukocytes. Pseudomonas meningitis in a child with diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. 17 80

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for determining a renal permselectivity profile involving the urinary proteins albumin, transferrin, IgG, and alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-m). The ELISA reader uses a computer-controlled array of multiplexed light-emitting diode (LED)-photodiode pairs for rapid measurements of absorbance on microplates. A 3,3'-dimethylnaphthidine reagent adapts the 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine chromophore to monochromatic LED emission at 550 nm. We applied this ELISA to the determination of renal permselectivity in healthy children and young adults and in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The geometric means (and SD) of protein excretion rates in a group of 85 normal subjects were as follows: albumin, 3.5 micrograms/min (1.83); transferrin, 173 ng/min (2.76); IgG, 1.11 micrograms/min (2.22), and alpha 1-m, 0.98 microgram/min (2.36).
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PMID:Profile of renal permselectivity by simultaneous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of albumin, transferrin, IgG, and alpha 1-microglobulin with a new microplate reader. 137 89

A 3 year old girl was admitted to hospital in an emaciated condition and with polydipsia in October 1974. Following the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, she received treatment with insulin. On the first admission, a systolic murmur was noted at the apex of the heart. In 1981, the murmur was found to be continuous with a systolic click, and echocardiography demonstrated a mitral valve prolapse. In 1982, electrocardiography revealed left ventricular hypertrophy, and the patient's X-ray showed vertebral kyphoscoliosis. Ophthalmological examination revealed slightly impaired visual acuity and a mild case of cataracts in 1986. The patient grew to be tall and thin with arachnodactylia of the hands, fingers, feet and toes. These symptoms and findings were compatible with Marfan syndrome, although the ophthalmological findings are not specific for this disease. This patient is the first case in Japan of Marfan syndrome associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, although the relation between Marfan syndrome and IDDM remains unclear.
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PMID:Report of a Japanese girl with Marfan syndrome associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 144 30

Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) has recently been shown to be an insulin-regulated enzyme that plays a key role in the induction of insulin resistance in cultured cells. As a first step in understanding the molecular regulation of this enzyme the human form of this enzyme has been cloned and the functional protein has been expressed in Escherichia coli. A 3.1-kilobase cDNA was isolated which contains the complete coding region of 681 amino acids. Expression of the cDNA in E. coli produced a protein of approximately 77 kDa and increased GFAT activity 4.5-fold over endogenous bacterial levels. Recombinant GFAT activity was inhibited 51% by UDP-GlcNAc whereas bacterial GFAT activity was insensitive to inhibition by UDP-GlcNAc. On the basis of these results we conclude that: 1) functional human GFAT protein was expressed, and 2) the cloned human cDNA encodes both the catalytic and regulatory domains of GFAT since the recombinant GFAT was sensitive to UDP-GlcNAc. Overall, the development of cloned GFAT molecular probes should provide new insights into the development of insulin resistance by allowing quantitation of GFAT mRNA levels in pathophysiological states such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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PMID:Molecular cloning, cDNA sequence, and bacterial expression of human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase. 146 20

A 3-step, 3-segment scintigraphic model was developed to improve the accuracy of dipyridamole-thallium imaging for preoperative cardiac risk assessment and to simplify the prognostic interpretation of the images. The model was developed in a pilot study of 60 patients and validated in a group of 355 patients referred for vascular and major general surgery. Study end points included myocardial infarction and cardiac death. Step 1: The postoperative cardiac event rate was 1.3% in 225 patients with normal anterior, inferio- and posterolateral segment perfusion and without transient left ventricular dipyridamole-induced cavitary dilation. Step 2: The physiologic rationale for step 2 consists of identifying patients who are most likely to have left main, 3-vessel or high-risk 2-vessel coronary artery disease or a significant amount of jeopardized myocardium in the territory of a critical coronary stenosis. Of 29 patients with either reversible defects of all 3 segments, transient cavitary dilation, or at least 1 severe grade 3/3 reversible defect, 52% (15 of 29) sustained a postoperative cardiac event. Step 3: The remaining 101 patients were stratified according to age greater than 70 years (p = 0.01), presence of diabetes (p = 0.0004) and the number of segments displaying reversible defects (1 or 2) with cardiac event rates ranging from 5 to 36%. The 3-step, 3-segment model is a useful alternative to the conventional interpretation of dipyridamole myocardial perfusion images for the purpose of quick and efficient preoperative risk stratification based on the rationale of correlating surgical risk with the amount of potentially ischemic myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preoperative coronary artery disease risk stratification based on dipyridamole imaging and a simple three-step, three-segment model for patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery or major general surgery. 159 69

We investigated the urinary albumin excretion and renal hemodynamics of normotensive nonobese patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in an early microalbuminuric stage (defined by albuminuria less than 30 mg/day). In comparison with normal subjects, a significant increase in urinary albumin excretion was observed already in the IGT stage [U-albumin/U-creatinine: NL (20 subjects), 5.3 +/- 1.7 mg/g Cr; IGT (23 subjects), 11.9 +/- 6.7 mg/g Cr; DM (20 subjects), 12.8 +/- 5.7 mg/g Cr]. A 3-week diet therapy combined with physical exercise prescribed for 53 normotensive non-obese mild NIDDM patients resulted in improvement in glucose tolerance, concomitant with lowered systemic blood pressure and a decrease in urinary albumin excretion (SBP: 128.4 +/- 13.0 to 106.4 +/- 10.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01; DBP: 78.2 +/- 10.8 to 66.0 +/- 8.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.01; U-albumin: 19.4 +/- 10.3 to 10.1 +/- 9.1 mg/day, p less than 0.01). However, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, filtration fraction and urinary beta 2-microglobulin excretion remained unchanged. From these results, we hypothesized that focal glomerular hyperperfusion increases urinary albumin excretion in patients with early NIDDM.
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PMID:Urinary albumin excretion in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an early microalbuminuric stage. 185 79

A 3-centre study was done to analyse the results of 70 patients with end-stage renal disease caused by diabetic nephropathy and treated with CAPD. Fifty patients had insulin-dependent diabetes (mean age 42, mean duration of diabetes 24 yr); 20 had non-insulin-dependent diabetes (mean age 61, mean duration 15 yr). Total treatment time was 1563 months and ranged from one to 83 months (median 18). Patient survival was 86% at 1 yr and 33% at 4 yr. Technique survival was 87% and 63%. Cox's multiple hazard regression analysis showed that age above 45 yr (relative risk 2.2), systolic hypertension (2.6) and cardiac disease (2.2) at the start of CAPD were associated with shorter patient survival. Metabolic control was good. Haemoglobin rose during the first 3 months. Plasma creatinine concentration increased with time, probably due to the loss of residual renal function. HbA1c levels were in the normal range for 60% of the patients. Mean hospital stay was 42 days per year, 26 as a consequence of vascular complications and 16 due to peritonitis and catheter-related problems. We conclude that CAPD is a good renal replacement modality for patients with diabetic renal failure. The patient survival is dependent on age, systolic hypertension and cardiac disease at the start of CAPD.
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PMID:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in patients with diabetic nephropathy. 192 96

The fraction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase in the dephosphorylated (active) form in rat liver in vivo was measured after various experimental treatments of animals. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose (to raise serum insulin concentrations) into rats 4 h into the light phase (L-4) resulted in a transient (30 min) increase in the expressed (E)/total (T) activity ratio of HMG-CoA reductase without any change in total activity (obtained after complete dephosphorylation of the enzyme). Conversely, intravenous injection of guinea-pig anti-insulin serum into rats 4 h into the dark phase (D-4) significantly depressed the E/T ratio within 20 min. Intravenous injection of glucagon into normal rats at this time point did not affect the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme, in spite of a 10-fold increase in hepatic cyclic AMP concentration induced by the hormone treatment. A 3-fold increase in the concentration of the cyclic nucleotide induced by adrenaline infusion was similarly ineffective in inducing any change in expressed or total activities of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase. However, when insulin secretion was inhibited, either by the induction of streptozotocin-diabetes or by simultaneous infusion of somatostatin, glucagon treatment was able to depress the expressed activity of HMG-CoA reductase (i.e. it increased the phosphorylation of the enzyme). Therefore insulin appears to have a dominant role in the regulation of the phosphorylation state of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase. In apparent corroboration of this suggestion, short-term 4 h food deprivation of animals before D-4 resulted in a marked decrease in the E/T activity ratio of reductase, which was not affected further by an additional 8 h starvation. By contrast, the total activity of the enzyme was not significantly affected by 4 h starvation, but was markedly diminished after 12 or 24 h starvation. Longer-term starvation also produced a chronic increase in the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme. These results are discussed in relation to the role of reversible phosphorylation in the control of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity in vivo.
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PMID:Acute effects of starvation and treatment of rats with anti-insulin serum, glucagon and catecholamines on the state of phosphorylation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in vivo. 288 48

A 3-year-old girl developed glucose intolerance during treatment with peritoneal dialysis for haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and became insulin dependent for almost a month. Diabetes mellitus in this condition is a rare but potentially serious complication which should be sought by regular blood sugar measurement during the acute stage of the illness.
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PMID:Transient glucose intolerance associated with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. 315 39

To determine whether non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by day-long hypoinsulinemia, we measured 24-h serum profiles for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide by use of a constant-rate blood-withdrawal technique in diabetic and control subjects fed isocaloric meals. When only lean subjects were considered, diabetic subjects (relative body weight 0.99 +/- 0.3) and control subjects (relative body weight 0.95 +/- 0.03) had similar 24-h integrated serum insulin concentrations (13.4 +/- 2.5 vs. 16.1 +/- 2.0 microU/ml, P NS) due to the offsetting effects of increased basal levels and decreased postprandial responses in NIDDM. In contrast, both basal and meal-stimulated insulin levels were decreased in obese NIDDM subjects (relative body weight 1.39 +/- 0.07) compared with obese control subjects (relative body weight 1.60 +/- 0.08), resulting in a 61% reduction in the 24-h integrated insulin value (18.7 +/- 1.5 vs. 48.4 +/- 13.7 microU/ml). Thus, the capacity to increase 24-h integrated serum insulin as a function of relative body weight was impaired in NIDDM subjects (r = 0.27, P NS) compared with control subjects (r = .70, P less than .01). In contrast, 24-h integrated C-peptide was decreased (P less than .01) in both lean (0.92 +/- 0.13 pM/ml) and obese (1.52 +/- 0.19 pM/ml) NIDDM patients compared with the respective control groups (1.50 +/- 0.13 and 3.03 +/- 0.44 pM/ml). The molar ratio of 24-h integrated C-peptide to insulin was diminished in lean but not obese NIDDM compared with control subjects. A 3-wk period of intensive insulin therapy led to normalization of the mean 24-h integrated insulin (but not integrated serum C-peptide) value in NIDDM compared with a control group that had an identical mean relative body weight. The 24-h urinary C-peptide measured on the same day as the serum profile was correlated (P less than .01) with both the 24-h integrated serum insulin (r = .69) and C-peptide (r = .67) concentrations in control subjects but not in NIDDM subjects (r = .20 and .04, respectively, P NS). Additionally, the urinary clearance of C-peptide was increased in NIDDM (38.1 +/- 7.8 vs. 20.4 +/- 1.7 ml/min in control subjects, P less than .05) and varied with treatment status (26.0 +/- 4.6 ml/min after insulin therapy).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Diabetes 1988 May
PMID:Day-long integrated serum insulin and C-peptide profiles in patients with NIDDM. Correlation with urinary C-peptide excretion. 328 46


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