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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recognition of early phases of diabetic gastroparesis is hampered by the absence of characteristic symptoms and practicable detection systems in clinical practice. Hence, a new procedure estimating phase III activity of the interdigestive migrating motor complex by monitoring gastric emptying of an undigestible marker particle by means of a metal detector was evaluated in 40 diabetic patients (13 type I, 27 type II diabetes) and 14 non-diabetic controls. Simultaneously, orocecal transit of fluids was measured by the hydrogen breath test. Gastric emptying of a solid marker was significantly delayed in diabetics as compared with controls (112.5 +/- 8.6 vs 51.2 +/- 6.8 minutes, M +/- SEM, p < 0.05). Of the diabetics investigated 77.5% had delayed gastric emptying but only 22.5% of those were clinically symptomatic as assessed by a standardized questionnaire. Gastric emptying velocity did not correlate significantly with age, length of diabetes, neuropathy, blood glucose and orocecal transit of fluids. We conclude that determination of gastric emptying time of undigestible marker particles by means of a sensitive metal detector appears to be a clinically promising and easy to perform method to detect early phases of diabetic gastroparesis.
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PMID:[Early diagnosis of diabetic gastroparesis]. 775 16

Some data suggest that sorbitol intake may be responsible for diarrhea in diabetic patients. One hundred thirteen hydrogen breath tests were performed in type II diabetics (72) and normal controls (41) after oral loads of sorbitol ranging from 2.5 to 20 g in iso-osmolar solutions to assess the role of malabsorption of this compound in the genesis of abdominal symptoms. The prevalence of sorbitol malabsorption and abdominal symptoms, peak (Cmax H2) and total (Ctot H2) hydrogen production, and mouth to cecum transit time (MCTT) did not differ in type II diabetics and controls. Malabsorption was observed more frequently with the highest doses of sorbitol (10% of patients at a dose of 2.5 g and approximately 75% at 20 g). Symptoms, usually consisting of mild discomfort and abdominal distension, were observed only after sorbitol loads of 10 and 20 g in 27.2% of the diabetics and in 36.3% of the controls. Diarrhea was present in three subjects (two diabetics and one control) only at a dose of 20 g. These data indicate that it is highly unlikely for sorbitol to play a role in inducing diabetes diarrhea. A moderate (up to 10 g) sorbitol intake is not contraindicated in type II diabetics.
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PMID:Sorbitol malabsorption and nonspecific abdominal symptoms in type II diabetes. 778 66

Dialkyldithiocarbamates injected into mice 0.5 h prior to alloxan protected dose-dependently against the diabetogenic action of alloxan, and increased blood glucose levels at the time of alloxan injection. Furthermore, they exhibited anti-oxidative properties in vitro such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation, removal of hydrogen peroxide and reduction of the stable free radical, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). These results suggest that dialkyldithiocarbamates protect against the development of alloxan-induced diabetes by the indirect mechanism of producing hyperglycemia at the time of alloxan injection and possibly by their anti-oxidative effects as well.
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PMID:Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes by various dialkyldithiocarbamates. 784 27

Evening primrose oil (EPO) is rich in the omega-6 essential fatty acid component, gamma-linolenic acid. The aim of the investigation was to determine whether EPO treatment prevented a reduction in sciatic nerve perfusion and oxygenation in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Rats were treated from diabetes induction with 10 g EPO kg-1 day-1. Sciatic blood flow was measured by microelectrode polarography and hydrogen clearance. Diabetes caused 47.7% +/- 3.4% (P < 0.001) and 58.8% +/- 4.8% (P < 0.001) reduction in the nutritive (capillary) and the non-nutritive (large vessel) components of endoneurial blood flow, respectively, which were prevented by EPO. Treatment had no significant effect on nutritive flow in non-diabetic rats; however, the rate of non-nutritive flow increased by 97.7% +/- 38.9% (P < 0.01). Sciatic endoneurial oxygen tension was measured by microelectrode polarography. Diabetes resulted in a 44.7% +/- 3.4% reduction in mean oxygen tension (P < 0.001), which was largely (82.3% +/- 10.2%) prevented by EPO treatment (P < 0.001). Thus, EPO prevents impairment of blood flow and endoneurial oxygenation in experimental diabetes. It is likely that this neurovascular action accounts for the beneficial effects of treatment on nerve function in diabetic rats and patients.
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PMID:Effects of evening primrose oil treatment on sciatic nerve blood flow and endoneurial oxygen tension in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 788 93

Abnormal vascular endothelium function may contribute to the reduced nerve perfusion implicated in the aetiology of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. The aim was to test the hypothesis that a powerful vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1, could be involved in nerve dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. After 6 weeks of untreated diabetes, rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps which continuously delivered the endothelin-1 antagonist, BQ-123, to the circulation via a jugular vein cannula. Sciatic motor conduction velocity, monitored serially, was increased after 4 days, treatment (p = 0.028), and reached asymptote by 9-11 days (p = 0.0001), when the degree of amelioration was approximately 60% of the initial diabetic deficit. Treatment of non-diabetic rats for 13 days with BQ-123 had no significant effect on motor conduction velocity. Sensory saphenous nerve conduction velocity was measured acutely after 20 days, BQ-123 treatment. The amelioration of a sensory deficit was approximately 80% (p < 0.001); the resultant conduction velocity value was not significantly different from that of a non-diabetic control group. After 20 days, treatment, sciatic nutritive endoneurial blood flow was measured by microelectrode polarography and hydrogen clearance. A 48% deficit with untreated diabetes (p < 0.001) was 64% ameliorated by BQ-123 treatment (p < 0.001). In non-diabetic rats, BQ-123 treatment had no effect on blood flow. We conclude that endothelin-1 does not seem to be involved in the control of nerve blood flow in non-diabetic rats; however, it makes a major contribution to the perfusion deficit in experimental diabetes. This has deleterious consequences for nerve conduction, and it is possible that endothelin-1 receptor blockade may have therapeutic potential in diabetic patients.
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PMID:The potential contribution of endothelin-1 to neurovascular abnormalities in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 789 50

A new method was developed for quantitating the serum and urinary levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG), a sensitive and informative marker of glycemic control. This method utilized a combination of ODS and pyranose oxidase-immobilized columns for HPLC, and monitored hydrogen peroxide production with an electrochemical detector. We applied this method to determine the serum and urinary AG levels in 15 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) as well as in control subjects. Baseline separation of AG from other sugars such as glucose and myoinositol was achieved. Quantitation of AG was achieved over the range from 0.2 ng to 0.3 micrograms based upon peak heights. The serum and urinary AG levels in the IDDM patients were 4.4 +/- 8.3 mg/l and 5.1 +/- 4.3 mg/day, respectively. We found that the urinary AG to serum AG ratio showed a linear correlation with the urinary glucose level in the IDDM patients (urinary glucose (y) vs. urinary AG to serum AG ratio (x): y = 9.071x-0.991; r = 0.968, P < 0.001). This method proved efficient and reliable for quantitating urinary AG. Since determination of both the AG and glucose levels in urine gives equivalent clinical information to the serum AG level, urinary monitoring could provide a valuable addition to the available methods for assessing the glycemic status of IDDM patients.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994 May
PMID:A new method of quantitating serum and urinary levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 792 87

We have developed a flow-injection system with colorimetric detection to measure 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in serum. Serum samples are directly and serially injected into a clean-up column every 3.5 min to remove interferences before the enzymatic reaction. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, after being passed through the column, is oxidized by immobilized pyranose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.10), and the hydrogen peroxide produced reacts with the chromogen substrate in the presence of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) to form Bindshedler's Green. The detection limit was 1.2 mumol/L (1.2 pmol). The correlation between results obtained with the present system (y) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (x) in samples containing < 30 mumol/L 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, including many samples from patients with diabetes mellitus, was y = 0.975x-0.111 mumol/L (r = 0.997), which was superior to that obtained between the enzymatic and GC-MS methods. Our system needs only to be set up; it runs without any manual pretreatment, assays 17 samples/h, and shows imprecision (CV) of < 2%.
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PMID:Fully automated flow-injection system for quantifying 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in serum. 795 66

We examined the effects of aldose reductase inhibition on nerve biochemistry and function, blood flow and endoneurial oxygenation in experimental diabetes mellitus. After 1 month untreated diabetes in rats, treatment with the novel sulphonylnitromethane aldose reductase inhibitor, ZENECA ZD5522, prevented a progressive increase in sciatic nerve resistance to hypoxic conduction failure (p < 0.05). Motor conduction velocity deficits after 4 months untreated diabetes were rapidly returned to normal within 12 days (p < 0.0001) by ZD5522 treatment. Following 2-months untreated diabetes, examination of 1 month ZD5522 treatment dose-response relationships for correction of nerve sorbitol and fructose accumulations and reduction in myo-inositol concentration, sciatic motor and saphenous sensory conduction velocity and sciatic blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry revealed poor agreement between nerve function and biochemical indices. In addition, polyol accumulation differed between sciatic and saphenous nerves, the latter showing ten-fold lower sorbitol concentrations. Laser-Doppler blood flow was 60% decreased by untreated diabetes (p < 0.001) and there was a strong correlation between ZD5522-mediated increases in blood flow and conduction velocity (p < 0.0001). Measurement of nutritive endoneurial blood flow by microelectrode polarography and hydrogen clearance showed 44% and 45% deficits for 1 and 2 months untreated diabetes (p < 0.001) that were prevented by ponalrestat and ZD5522 treatments, respectively. In contrast, 2 months myo-inositol treatment from diabetes induction did not prevent reduction in blood flow or sciatic motor conduction velocity. A 37% reduction in endoneurial oxygen tension after 2 months diabetes (p < 0.001) was completely prevented by ZD5522 treatment (p < 0.001). The data show that a very high degree of polyol pathway blockade is necessary to correct nerve functional deficits and that aldose reductase inhibitors have a neurovascular action that does not depend on restoration of nerve myo-inositol.
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PMID:Aldose reductase inhibition, nerve perfusion, oxygenation and function in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: dose-response considerations and independence from a myo-inositol mechanism. 795 35

In newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the mechanisms underlying the concomitant occurrence of magnesium deficiency and normal blood magnesium concentration are unknown. The renal handling of magnesium was, therefore, studied in 37 children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in 13 controls. Circulating magnesium levels were similar in patients and controls (0.86 vs. 0.84 mmol/l). However, the urinary excretion of magnesium was significantly higher in patients (90.6 vs. 32.2 mumol/l GFR). In the patients a significant positive correlation was found between excretion of magnesium and glycosuria or blood hydrogen ion activity. It is concluded that osmotic diuresis and acidosis increase magnesium excretion in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Hypermagnesiuria in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 797 81

There is a large body of evidence to consider that the functional aspects of the metabolism of the cancer cell and hypoinsulinemic diabetes mellitus dwell at both ends of a biochemico-metabolic spectrum representing two opposite homeostatic and pathological tendencies. Furthermore, an initial homeostatic approach based up the acid-base balance and/or its hydrogen ion dynamics, systematically considered at multiple dimensions of knowledge and in different areas and fields of biomedical research, allows to reach a systematic vision and an all-comprehensive and hierarchically organized perspective for the integrated study of both malignant and non-malignant, as well as diabetic, metabolism, while at the same time opens new avenues reaching out towards a better understanding of both the etiopathogenesis of certain epithelial tumors and the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Besides, such a unitarian outlook may very well open new ways towards a more comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among both degenerative processes, and from the bioenergetic to the clinical levels, hopefully leading to better preventive and treatment strategies.
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PMID:[Homeostasis, diabetes and cancer]. 804 30


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