Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves (ODC) from zero to full saturation were developed from tests performed on whole blood from various groups of diabetic and nondiabetic healthy subjects. P50 at in-vivo pH was slightly but significantly lower than normal in ambulatory nonacidotic, uncomplicated juvenile diabetics (26.0 vs. 27.3 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001), despite increased red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations in diabetic erythrocytes (15.0 vs. 13.7 mumole/gm. Hb, P less than 0.001). This combination of changes is in keeping with the presence of increased proportions of hemoglobin AIc in insulin-treated diabetics. The position of the ODC was positively correlated with the 2,3-DPG concentration (P less than 0.01), which varied in response to fluctuations in plasma concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) (P less than 0.001). Optimal metabolic control may lead to a normalization of the ODC in association with increased concentrations of red cell 2,3-DPG and P. When the diabetes was uncontrolled, the ODC was usually unchanged during the acidotic phase because the lowered pH balanced the effect of diminished 2,3-DPG concentration on the ODC. After correction of acidosis, the disproportion between erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and pH became quite prominent, accompanied by a corresponding fall in P50 (21.0 vs. 26.1 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001). Following ketoacidosis, with a persistently lowered Pi, it may take up to one week for 2,3-DPG to return to an approximately normal level, and the P50 will be impaired for the same period. A diphosphonate (EHDP) known to enhance tubular phosphate reabsorption in man was given to nonacidotic insulin-treated diabetic and healthy volunteers for 28 days. It caused a significant increase in mean Pi and P50 in both healthy and diabetic subjects (r = 0.58, P less than 0.01). When a dietary supplement of dibasic calcium phosphate was given to diabetic subjects for 28 days, a significant increase in P50 also occurred (25.2 vs. 27.2 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001). It is recommended that the diabetes diet be supplemented by dibasic calcium phosphate to prevent the inhibitory effect of a low concentration of Pi on red cell oxygen delivery.
Diabetes 1976
PMID:Oxygen transport impairment in diabetes. 0 22

Optimal management of the diabetic patient includes normalization of plasma glucose concentration. Attainment of this goal is difficult because both food and stress result in acute elevations of blood glucose that cannot be matched with a single subcutaneous injection of NPH insulin. This paper examines the currently available methods for delivery of insulin to the diabetic subject and the degree of metabolic control attained. It suggests that optimal diabetic control will be achieved only when newer methods of insulin delivery are available to the clinician that match plasma insulin requirements to the simultaneous plasma glucose concentration.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Diabetic glucose control: matching plasma insulin concentration to dietary and stress hyperglycemia. 40 Jan 28

Optimal control of any stage of diabetes is possible only with optimal dietary management. Furthermore, in 90% of stable patients who comply with regimens like those described, this dietary approach alone will suffice for control.
 ...
PMID:Diet and diabetes mellitus. 42 86

Because of the differently selected groups of patients due to a narrow indication for pancreatic surgery, a direct comparison of the results of conservative and surgical therapy is not possible. A follow-up survey of 348 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis showed that patients suffering from uncomplicated pancreatitis should be treated conservatively as long as possible, for 70% (77 out of 109) will improve. In 2/3 of our patients with chronic pancreatitis, surgical treatment became necessary. As to the recurrence of pancreatitis and the lethality, resecting techniques were more successful (72%: 107 out of 148) than the non-resecting ones (61%: out of 91). The cooperation of the patient is crucial for the prognostic outcome regardless of the kind of treatment; especially the elimination of alcohol intake is essential. The most important accompanying or/and succeeding disease is diabetes mellitus, which impairs the long term prognosis especially because of the hazard of postoperative irreversible hypoglycemia. Optimal treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis can only be accomplished on an individual basis and on the basis of a close cooperation of internists and surgeons.
 ...
PMID:[Chronic pancreatitis--conservative versus surgical treatment under prognostic aspects]. 90 64

Eighty days after i.c. cryoextraction of the lens without any complications, intra- or postoperative, choroidal detachment was observed in a 68-year-old woman (hypertension, diabetes m..amaurosis of the right eye after central artery embolism). -Conventional decongestive drugs (Reparil, Tantum, Tanderil) had no effect. Within 6 days of treatment with microwaves, 2.5% Hydrocortisone and atropine eye-drops and Prednisolone (10 mg/die) internally there was complete regression of the detachment.
 ...
PMID:[Late choroidal detachment after i.c. cryoextraction of the lens (author's transl)]. 95 74

Transplantation of pancreases may have clinical utility in the treatment of diabetes, for it has been shown that chemically induced diabetes in rats can be reversed by the transplantation of greater than or equal to four syngeneic fetal pancreases. Allogeneic transplants produce serious immunological problems, but the problems could be ameliorated if tissue-typed organs could be stored in the frozen state. Unfortunately, nearly all attempts to freeze organs have failed. Nevertheless, recent developments in the physical-chemical analysis of freezing injury and its successful application to the freezing of mammalian embryos encouraged us to attempt the freezing of 16 1/2- to 17 1/2-day intact fetal pancreases. The analysis indicated that to achieve success pancreases would have to be cooled less than 1 degree/min and diluted extremely slowly after thawing. Experiments with embryos and red cells indicated that high survivals might require high concentrations of protective solutes and slow warming. These predictions were accurate. After freezing to -78 or -196 degrees and thawing under optimal conditions, the fetal pancreases synthesized 80-100% as much protein as unfrozen controls and they yielded viable allografts. Optimal conditions included suspension in 2 M dimethylsulfoxide, freezing at 0.3 degrees/min, and slow dilution to preclude osmotic shock.
 ...
PMID:Survival of fetal rat pancreases frozen to -78 and -196 degrees. 106 98

Optimal regimen for insulin therapy should lead to normal longitudinal growth and weight gain in children with diabetes mellitus. However, reports published so far indicate that this goal of paediatric diabetology is currently not achieved in a considerable number of patients. In a cross-sectional sample of 89 children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) for more than 3 years, we found the relation of height to weight to be significantly different compared to 102 healthy school children of similar age. Using bivariate analysis, body shape in these children with diabetes was shifted towards small and obese (P less than 0.05) compared to control children. We subsequently initiated a longitudinal study and followed children from the onset of diabetes for the following 3 years, recording height, weight and bone age as well as glycosylated haemoglobin and daily insulin requirement. At diagnosis, height SDS was identical in children with IDDM (+0.04 +/- 0.10) compared to control children (-0.07 +/- 0.10; M +/- SE), while weight SDS was -0.26 +/- 0.10 in children with diabetes (controls: + 0.01 +/- 0.01). Bone age was identically retarded in newly diagnosed IDDM children (-0.73 +/- 0.12 SDS) and in our control group of children from the same regional background (-0.50 +/- 0.12; n.s.). In this group of children with diabetes mellitus followed prospectively, height to weight relationship differed from controls after 2 and after 3 years of the disease (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Development of height and weight in children with diabetes mellitus: report on two prospective multicentre studies, one cross-sectional, one longitudinal. 149 76

In a preliminary communication (J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 11-13) a series of perfluoro-N-[4-(1H-tetrazol-5ylmethyl)phenyl]alkana mides (perfluoro anilides I), designed as novel analogues of ciglitazone, were reported to possess oral antidiabetic activity in two genetic animal models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice. In this report, the results from a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the series I are described. Comprehensive statistical analysis among the 86 analogues screened for blood glucose lowering in ob/ob mice was achieved by a new application of a general statistical procedure which made it possible to make meaningful comparisons between more than 140 separate experiments (N = 2966). Perfluoro anilides I lowered plasma glucose in the hyperglycemic ob/ob and db/db mice but not in euglycemic normal rats. In the hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mouse, decreases in plasma insulin levels paralleled the decline in plasma glucose. Potency and efficacy in the series was shown to be dependent on the length of the perfluorocarbon chain (RF) of I. Optimal activity occurred with the C7 and C8 RF chains. The more extensive SAR studies reported here, indicated that the lipophilic RF chain is the most important structural element of I since neither the phenyl nor tetrazole rings present in anilides I were necessary for antihyperglycemic activity while medium length (C7-C8) RF chains, especially the C7F15 chain, were shown to confer antihyperglycemic activity in ob/ob mice to a wide variety of structures.
 ...
PMID:Perfluorocarbon-based antidiabetic agents. 154 84

The effects on N-acetylheparosan deacetylase (N-deacetylase) activity exerted by poorly and well-regulated diabetes and variation of genetic background were investigated in insulin-treated streptozocin-induced diabetic rats of two different strains (H and U). N-deacetylase plays a key role in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, because N-deacetylation is a prerequisite for N- and further O-sulfation. Specific activity of the enzyme was reduced by 50% in poorly regulated diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic rats (P less than 0.001). The decrease in specific activity was accompanied by a reduction in the estimated KM from 34 +/- 3 to 27 +/- 4 mg/L (P less than 0.001). Optimal insulin treatment, leading to near normalization of blood glucose, prevented reduction in N-deacetylase activity. In rat strain U, however, a 20% reduction was found despite optimal insulin treatment (P = 0.01), and the nondiabetic animals of this strain had reduced N-deacetylase activity compared with nondiabetic rats from the H strain. This might suggest a genetic difference between the rat strains in the regulation of the enzyme activity. The diabetes-induced inhibition of N-deacetylase may have an important role in the pathogenesis of nephropathy and vascular complications in human diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes 1991 Nov
PMID:Inhibition of N-acetylheparosan deacetylase in diabetic rats. 183

The mean additional energy requirement for pregnancy has been calculated at 285 kcal daily and it reflects the energy needs for production of the fetoplacental unit and for the maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy. In practice there is considerable variation in energy requirement due to alterations in maternal energy expenditure. Optimal energy intakes are dictated also by the pre-pregnancy maternal weight. The outcome of pregnancy is improved in the underweight mother by an intake which produces a weight gain in pregnancy of approximately 14 kg, whereas a rise of only 7 kg may be optimal for the obese mother. Obesity with or without diabetes is associated with macrosomia and other problems and it is sensible to attempt to limit weight gain in pregnancy at a time when maternal motivation is high. Diabetes in pregnancy may arise in patients with pre-existing NIDDM or IDDM, but more commonly it is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy and it usually disappears after delivery (gestational diabetes). Recent evidence suggests that gestational diabetes has a strong genetic component and is usually NIDDM precipitated early in life by the pregnancy. Both gestational diabetes and NIDDM are characterized by insulin deficiency and by insulin resistance. Long-term follow-up studies have demonstrated that NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance develop in later life in 50-70% of women with previous gestational diabetes. The adverse effects of pregnancy on the mother with pre-existing diabetes may be minimized by good diabetic control as may be adverse effects on the fetus and neonate of diabetes in the mother. An increased incidence of fetal malformations persists in pregnancies with pre-existing maternal diabetes. Diabetes of any form may be associated with neonatal hypoglycaemia. The aim of therapy is to produce maternal normoglycaemia throughout pregnancy by dietary measures and insulin treatment if required. Women with pre-existing diabetes should tighten their blood glucose control from before conception. Optimization of insulin therapy and diet are required for IDDM and most NIDDM women will require insulin treatment in pregnancy. Gestational diabetics require diet and possibly insulin. Most pregnancies now proceed to term.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes and diet in pregnancy. 224 97


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>