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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven patients suffering from maturity on-set diabetes mellitus were given orally 100 mg of 14C-labelled butylbiguanide, specific activity 1.40 or 1.23 muCi/mg, resp. Three days before oral administration, two of the patients had received an i.v. injection of 50 mg butylbiguanide labelled with 120 muCi 14C. The radioactivity in the blood of the patients was followed up during the first 12-h period after administration of the drug. For determination of the radioactivity in the urine aliquots of three 24-h portions were measured. Furthermore, the radioactivity was checked of each individual sample of faeces for the first 72 h after administration. The radioactivity in the exhaled air was also measured. By comparison of the excretion after i.v. and oral application an absorption efficiency of 90% to 92% was calculated. Butylbiguanide is almost exclusively and fast excreted via the kidney. 86.5% of the i.v. administered material was eliminated within 24 h and 88.1% within 3 d in the urine of a person without kidney disease. Elimination through faeces was negligible, 0.2% in a person without kidney disease and 0.7% in a patient with renal insufficiency. The data obtained from the exhaled air show that there is only a negligible break-down of butylbiguanide, if any, to CO2 in man.
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PMID:[Distribution and excretion of 14c-butylbiguanide in man (author's transl)]. 58 7

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied at normocapnia and after a challenge with 5% CO2 in 59 diabetic patients and 28 controls. There was a significant age-related decline in CBF in both groups, which suggests that diabetes does not affect the rate of decrease of CBF with age. After CO2 challenge CBF increased in most of the controls; in the patients CBF increased in 23, decreased in 26, and remained stable in 10. Thus the reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in diabetics is altered. Diabetics have diminished cerebrovascular reserve and are thus at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease because they are unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF.
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PMID:Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus: evidence of abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity. 68

A study was made of insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue biopsied in 11 healthy women, and in 10 women with normal weight suffering from newly-detected diabetes mellitus. In difference from healthy persons in the adipose tissue of patients suffering from diabetes, insulin in a concentration of 50 mu/ml failed to enhance the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and in a concentration of 50 and 100 mu/ml failed to enhance the glycogen synthesis from glucose. Reduction of the sensitivity of different ways of glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue to insulin in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus pointed to the possibility of disturbance of insulin interaction with the cell membrane in this disease.
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PMID:[Effect of insulin on the adipose tissue of patients with diabetes mellitus]. 101 9

1. A comparative cross-over trial of mefruside and cyclopenthiazide, each drug being given for 6 weeks, was conducted on thirty hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Other antihypertensive therapy, any antidiabetic therapy and potassium supplementation were kept constant throughout the trial. Dosages of mefruside and cyclopenthiazide were adjusted to give approximately equal blood pressure levels in the two drug periods. 2. There was no significant difference in the following parameters studied during the sixth week of each of the two periods of drug therapy: serum electrolytes, total CO2, chloride, urea, amylase, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet and white blood cell counts, lying and standing blood pressure and pulse rate, weight, fasting and 2-h glucose and insulin levels and five-value glucose and insulin curve areas, fasting calcium and phosphate. 3. Serum creatinine and uric acid showed a small but significant fall during mefruside therapy.
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PMID:Effect of equivalent antihypertensive doses of mefruside and cyclopenthiazide on serum electrolytes, uric acid and glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients. 109 62

Lectins from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris stimulate insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets in the presence of 2 mM glucose. In the case of insulin release, maximal stimulation was observed at lectin concentrations above 58 mug. per milliliter (approximately 1 muM).A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release was independent of a source of metabolic energy but was abolished by deuterium oxide. The lectin did not alter islet glucose oxidation to CO2 or incorporation of [3H] leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material nor did it modify rates of insulin secretion induced by 20 mM glucose. None of nine other lectins tested stimulated insulin release, whereas stimulation of fat cell glucose oxidation was a general property of the lectins. Binding of 125I-labeled A. bisporus PHA-B to islets increased with time up to one hour and after attainment of equilibrium was very slowly reversible. Binding was directly proportional to islet number and the estimated Kdiss of the binding reaction was 17 mug per milliliter. The total number of A. bisporus PHA-B binding sites per islet was approximately 2 times 10(10). Binding of A. bisporus PHA-B to the islets and A. bisporus PHA-B-stimulated insulin release were inhibited in parallel by a glycopeptide containing the oligosaccharide receptor for the lectin, suggesting that lectin binding is essential for the expression of insulin-releasing activity. It is proposed that the specific interaction between mushroom lectin and its receptors may lead to conformational changes in the structure of the membranes of the islet A2- and B-cells that facilitate exocytosis.
Diabetes 1975 Aug
PMID:Effect of lectins on hormone release from isolated rat islets of langerhans. 109 48

The 13C/12C ratio in most commercial preparations of glucose used in clinical investigation is much higher than that of expired air. Variations in expired air 13C, after glucose load, are indicative of the catabolism of this exogenous glucose. The changes in the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 in expired air after oral administration of glucose were determined by mass spectrometry. Results in eleven healthy volunteers and seven obese subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are reported. In all cases, the administration of glucose resulted in a marked rise in the 13C/12C ration of expired CO2, reaching its maximum at the fourth hour and then declining progressively. In seven obese patients with chemical diabetes and in five insulin-dependent diabetics, the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2 during OGTT was significantly reduced, in comparison with the results obtained from the control groups. This study demonstrates the potential of this procedure using "naturally labeled" 13C glucose for the metabolic studies in man as anticipated from previous studies of Duchesne and his coworkers.
Diabetes 1975 Feb
PMID:Naturally labeled 13C-glucose. Metabolic studies in human diabetes and obesity. 112 6

Adipose tissue from twelve normal-weight and ten obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets and nine obese subjects on hypocaloric diets was removed at surgery and incubated in vitro. Basal glucose oxidation correlated significantly (r = 0.68, p less than 0.005) with fat-cell diameter in subjects on weight-maintaining diets. This relationship was significantly altered (p less than 0.02) in subjects on calorie-restricted diets. In tissue from subjects on weight-maintaining diets, physiologic concentrations of insulin (25 muU./ml.) significantly increased glucose incorporation into carbon dioxide (p less than 0.005) and glycogen (p less than 0.001). Maximum insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation (increase over basal) was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.05) in tissue from obese subjects, whereas insulin-mediated glucose incorporation into glycogen was similar in controls and obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was imparied in tissue from subjects on hypocaloric diets although fat-cell diameter was similar to those of obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. The effect of insulin on glucose incorporation into glycogen in isolated adipocytes was also studied. There was no correlation between insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and cell diameter. When cells from the same individual were separated into small and large adipocytes by differential flotation, the insulin effect was similar whether expressed as absolute or per cent increase over basal. These results indicate that in vitro glucose oxidation by adipose tissue, in both the absence and the presence of insulin, is largely determined by dietary factors. This may also be true for insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. No evidence is provided for the concept that the enlarged human fat cell of obesity is insensitive to insulin in vitro.
Diabetes 1975 Dec
PMID:Insulin sensitivity of the large human adipocyte in vitro. 119 13

Insulin binding and the capacity of insulin to stimulate the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and lipid, and to activate the protein tyrosine kinase associated with the insulin receptor have been investigated in adipocytes isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Insulin binding and the conversion of glucose to lipid were the same for both groups. However, conversion of glucose to CO2 was higher in the non-pregnant group due to an elevated basal activity, and the increase produced by insulin was similar in both groups. The tyrosine kinase activity of the isolated receptor preparations was higher in the pregnant group due to an increase in the basal non-insulin dependent activity, and the increase produced by insulin was similar in both groups. These findings show the in vitro insulin responsiveness of isolated adipocytes is similar for both groups, and suggests that the in vivo insulin resistance of late pregnancy, as far as adipose tissue is concerned, is not due to any inherent defect in insulin action at the receptor or post-receptor level. In vivo insulin resistance may result from an increased level of circulating insulin antagonists.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992 May
PMID:Evidence that the insulin resistance of pregnancy may not involve a post-receptor defect in human adipocytes. 131 88

Insulin-deficient states are associated with an impaired function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but the mechanisms underlying hypothalamic alterations in experimental diabetes are still unknown. We investigated the effect of glucose concentrations, in the presence and absence of insulin, on LHRH release from perifused hypothalamic fragments from female adult ovariectomized rats. Glucose and insulin were added to the perifusion medium (Earle's, pH 7.4, gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2, flow rate 50 microliters/min). When glucose was absent (in the presence of insulin 10 mU/l), LHRH release was reduced, peak levels being < 5 pg/100 microliters. The addition of glucose (100 and 300 mg/dl), in the absence of insulin, resulted in peak LHRH levels fluctuating around 35 pg/100 microliters (p < 0.05 vs. glucose 0 mg/dl). When glucose (100 or 300 mg/dl) and insulin (10 mU/l) were combined, an eightfold increase in peak LHRH values was observed, and peak levels reached 300 pg/100 microliters (p < 0.05 vs. glucose 100 and 300 mg/dl alone). In conclusion, LHRH release by perifused hypothalamic fragments is dramatically increased by low concentrations of insulin; this occurs only when glucose is available. Acutely elevated glucose levels (from 100 to 300 mg/dl) do not affect LHRH release.
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PMID:Effect of insulin on LHRH release by perifused hypothalamic fragments. 143 80

Cigarette smoking is the most preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Smoking has been associated with a two-to fourfold increased risk of coronary heart disease, a greater than 70% excess rate of death from coronary heart disease, and an elevated risk of sudden death. These risks are compounded in the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance, and diabetes, all of which exhibit a synergistic effect with smoking. The relationship between smoking and the risk of peripheral vascular disease has also been well documented. Smokers account for approximately 70% of patients with atherosclerosis obliterans and virtually all those with thromboangiitis obliterans. An association between smoking and cerebrovascular disease remains a matter of debate, although a higher risk of stoke and stroke-related mortality has been observed in smokers than in nonsmokers. Smoking has also been implicated in the development of cor pulmonale, but a direct association with congestive heart failure has not been established. Nicotine and carbon monoxide appear to play major roles in the cardiovascular effects of smoking. Both components adversely alter the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio and have been shown to produce endothelial injury, leading to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Adverse effects on the lipid profile have been noted as well, but the relationship between these changes and the risk of cardiovascular disease remains to be confirmed. Notably, smoking cessation results in a dramatic reduction in the risk of mortality from both coronary heart disease and stroke. In light of the fact that the incidence of smoking has declined primarily among educated sectors of the U.S. population, future efforts must focus on providing effective education, including smoking cessation techniques, to the less-educated groups.
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PMID:Smoking and cardiovascular disease. 149 5


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