Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 68-year-old woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with blue nodules on the ventral aspect of the thorax. According to the past history, these lesions had developed repeatedly. She had already had bilateral mastectomies and lymph node dissection. The histologic diagnosis was always mastitis with plasma cells and no neoplasia. Yet another biopsy was taken; the subcutis was stained blue-black. Histology revealed exogenous black pigment and mastitis. With Raman spectroscopy the pigment was identified as carbon black, which is a component of India ink. These findings together with the unusual course of the disease suggested the diagnosis of an artificial disorder. The likely conclusion is that our patient, over years, used her own (insulin) syringe to inject India ink into her skin and subcutaneous tissue; the damaging effect and tissue reaction was probably caused by preservatives such as phenol.
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PMID:[The consequences of subcutaneous India ink injection to produce factitial disease. Bilateral mastectomy, lymph node dissection, irradiation, and continued suspicion of neoplasia]. 1792 82

In this research, some herbal teas and infusions traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes in Turkey, have been studied for their antidiabetic effects on in vitro glucose diffusion and phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. Ten aqueous herbal tea extracts were examined using an in vitro method to determine their effects on glucose movement across the gastrointestinal tract. Total phenol content of herbal teas was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu's procedure. Antioxidant activities of herbal teas were evaluated by the effect of extracts on DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Antioxidant activity was defined as the amount of the sample to decrease the initial DPPH concentration by 50% as efficient concentration, EC50. Antiradical activity [AE] was calculated as 1/EC50. Values were evaluated statistically. Results support the view that none of the herbal teas showed antidiabetic effect on glucose diffusion using in vitro model glucose absorption. Teas were arranged in the order of green tea > peppermint > thyme > black tea > relax tea > absinthium > shrubby blackberry > sage > roselle > olive leaves according to their total phenol contents. Among ten herbal teas, green tea had the highest hydrogen-donating capacity against to DPPH radical. Ranking of the herbal teas with respect to their DPPH radical scavenging activity were green tea > peppermint > black tea > thyme > relax tea > absinthium > roselle > olive leaves > sage > shrubby blackberry. It was determined that adding flavoring substances such as lemon, bergamot, clove and cinnamon, which are commonly used in preparation of black tea in Turkey resulted to have synergistic effect on total antioxidant activities of black and peppermint teas. The highest hydrogen peroxide inhibition value (65.50%) was obtained for green tea at a 250 microl/ml concentration. The H2O2 scavenging activity of herbal teas decreased in the order green tea > peppermint > relax tea > black tea > thyme > olive leaves > sage > absinthium > shrubby blackberry > roselle. In particular, their phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities may be useful for meal planning in type 2 diabetes. They could contribute to sustain plasma antioxidant level because antioxidants present in plants and herbs prevent the development of vascular diseases seen in type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects, antioxidant activities and phenol contents of some herbal teas. 1818 88

Cinnamon bark has been reported to be effective in the alleviation of diabetes through its antioxidant and insulin-potentiating activities. In this study, the inhibitory effect of cinnamon bark on the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) was investigated in a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose model. Several phenolic compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2, and phenol polymers were identified from the subfractions of aqueous cinnamon extract. These compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the formation of AGEs. Their antiglycation activities were not only brought about by their antioxidant activities but also related to their trapping abilities of reactive carbonyl species such as methylglyoxal (MGO), an intermediate reactive carbonyl of AGE formation. Preliminary study on the reaction between MGO and procyanidin B2 revealed that MGO-procyanidin B2 adducts are primary products which are supposed to be stereoisomers. This is the first report that proanthocyanidins can effectively scavenge reactive carbonyl species and thus inhibit the formation of AGEs. As proanthocyanidins behave in a similar fashion as aminoguanidine (AG), the first AGE inhibitor explored in clinical trials, they show great potential to be developed as agents to alleviate diabetic complications.
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PMID:Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. 1828 4

Aloe arborescens plants, originating from the deserts of South Africa, are grown in the Introduction Garden at Sede Boker in the Negev Desert of Israel. In previous studies, we developed agro-technical methods to raise the content of secondary phenol metabolites (SPhMs) in the Aloe leaves. Plants that are subjected to repeated leaf pruning respond by increasing the content of their SPhMs. The SPhMs found in Aloe arborescens include barbaloin, aloenin and derivatives of aloeresin. Such compounds are used for many purposes, including human skin protection from sun and fire burns and high radiation, as products of the pharmaceutics and cosmetics industries, and as food supplements for treating stomach ulcers and diabetes. In the current study, the SPhMs were separated from pruned leaves of the same A. arborescens plants at the same time by two methods: (1) exudation by squeezing the tissues of the leaves, (2) immersion of the leaves' pruned cut bottom in water and collection of the extract. The exudates and extract were frozen, freeze-dried to a powder and the SPhMs were then separated by chromatography. The yield of powder from water extraction from pruned leaves was much lower than the yield from the exudates. However, higher percentages of the powder from the water extraction contained SPhMs (between 80 and 92.7%). The content of powder in leaf exudates from pruned leaves was much higher because the SPhMs were squeezed out from the cells and tissues. However, the percentages of SPhMs in this powder were much lower (between 39 and 62%).
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PMID:The content of secondary phenol metabolites in pruned leaves of Aloe arborescens, a comparison between two methods: leaf exudates and leaf water extract. 1847 May 97

Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & Fernandes (Liliaceae) also known as 'Safed Musli' is a traditional rare Indian medicinal herb which has many therapeutic applications in Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and Allopathic system of medicine. Its roots (tubers) are widely used for various therapeutic applications. It is used to cure physical illness and weakness, as an aphrodisiac agent and revitalizer, as general sex tonic, remedy for diabetes, arthritis and increasing body immunity, curative for natal and postnatal problems, for rheumatism and joint pains, increase lactation in feeding mothers, as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor agent, also used in diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea, leucorrhea etc. It has spermatogenic property and is found useful in curing impotency, now it is considered as an alternative 'Viagra'. Its root contains steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins, sapogenins and fructans which act as therapeutic agents and play vital role in many therapeutic applications. It is a rich source of over 25 alkaloids, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phenol, resins, mucilage, and polysaccharides and also contains high quantity of simple sugars, mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and xylose. The commercial exploitation of this plant and their secondary metabolites, germplasm conservation and in vitro production of secondary metabolites for quality control are some of the major prospects of this rare medicinal herb. The focus of the present review is to galvanize the potential of therapeutic and nutritive values of this herb and production of their secondary metabolites. The in vitro tuber induction, extraction, purification and characterization of saponins are also discussed in the present review.
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PMID:Chlorophytum borivilianum: a white gold for biopharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. 1975 Nov 81

Previous studies presented evidence that plants contain antioxidants that have free radical-scavenging properties. Overproduction of free radicals leads to oxidative stress, a factor associated with a variety of diseases, such as diabetes. Cytochrome P450 2E1 enzymes (CYP2E1) are involved in drug metabolism in the liver and metabolism of DNA-reaction generating intra-mitochondrial ROS, which leads to micro- and macro-vascular pathology in diabetes. Plant-based chemicals can affect CYP2E1 enzymes and related defense mechanisms, possibly leading to protection against oxidative stress. We investigated the effect of Solanum torvum (ST) extracts on the inhibition of CYP2E1 activity in human liver microsomes. ST extract was analyzed for antioxidant activity by the ABTS method. Polyphenolic compounds were measured by the total phenol content using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Flavonoid and tannin content were analyzed by standard methods. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring lipid peroxidation by TBARS and superoxide anion scavenging levels in plasma from diabetic patients. Results showed that 10 mg/ml of ST had CYP2E1 catalytic inhibiting activity (57.16 %). The IC50 value of CYP2E1 catalytic inhibiting activity level was 5.14 mg/ml by concentration in a dependent manner. One gram of concentrated ST extract had an antioxidant activity index of 3.68 mg of trolox and 360.53 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent. Effects on free radical-scavenging, as measured by TBARS and superoxide anion, showed IC50 values of 20.60 and 10.26 microg/ml, respectively. Polyphenolic compounds found included phenol, flavonoid and tannin, measuring 160.30, 104.36 and 65.91 mg/g, respectively. These results imply that ST is a natural source of polyphenolic antioxidants, which have cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme inhibiting and free radical scavenging properties, as related to lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion activity. ST could potentially be used for reducing oxidative stress in diabetes. Study for usage as a conventional medicine, including dosage and chronic toxicity in humans, should be pursued.
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PMID:Effect of polyphenolic compounds from Solanum torvum on plasma lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion and cytochrome P450 2E1 in human liver microsomes. 2004 35

Along with microangiopathy, one of the main causes of blindness in diabetic retinopathy consists of degeneration of retinal neurons. Electron microscopy and morphometric analysis were used to study structural changes in neurosensory cells, associative, and ganglion neurons in the retina in 30 while mongrel male rats with streptozotocin diabetes for two months and the effects of a new semisynthetic antioxidant 4-methyl-2,6-diisobornylphenol, a screened phenol, were evaluated. Destructive changes were found to affect the outer segments of neurosensory cells and ganglion neurons. The number density of neurosensory and ganglion cells decreased, and the proportion of these cells with pyknotic nuclei increased. 4-Methyl-2,6-diisobornylphenol had neuroprotective actions, preventing destructive changes to neurosensory cells and ganglion neurons.
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PMID:Morphological changes in retinal neurons in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and their correction with an isobornylphenol derivative. 2063 11

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used after organ transplantation. Altered concentrations of MPA metabolites have been reported in diabetic kidney transplant recipients, although the reason for this difference is unknown. We aimed to compare MPA biotransformation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) expression and activity between liver (n = 16) and kidney (n = 8) from diabetic and nondiabetic donors. Glucuronidation of MPA, as well as the expression and probe substrate activity of UGTs primarily responsible for MPA phenol glucuronide (MPAG) formation (UGT1A1 and UGT1A9), and MPA acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) formation (UGT2B7), was characterized. We have found that both diabetic and nondiabetic human liver microsomes and kidney microsomes formed MPAG with similar efficiency; however, AcMPAG formation was significantly lower in diabetic samples. This finding is supported by markedly lower glucuronidation of the UGT2B7 probe zidovudine, UGT2B7 protein, and UGT2B7 mRNA in diabetic tissues. UGT genetic polymorphism did not explain this difference because UGT2B7*2 or *1c genotype were not associated with altered microsomal UGT2B7 protein levels or AcMPAG formation. Furthermore, mRNA expression and probe activities for UGT1A1 or UGT1A9, both forming MPAG but not AcMPAG, were comparable between diabetic and nondiabetic tissues, suggesting the effect may be specific to UGT2B7-mediated AcMPAG formation. These findings suggest that diabetes mellitus is associated with significantly reduced UGT2B7 mRNA expression, protein level, and enzymatic activity of human liver and kidney, explaining in part the relatively low circulating concentrations of AcMPAG in diabetic patients.
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus reduces activity of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in liver and kidney leading to decreased formation of mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide metabolite. 2112 65

Based on our previous work, we studied the effect of methoxy-substitution as well as the regioposition of the benzoyl-moiety of 4a [(1-(3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone]. On this basis, compounds 4b-c and 5a-c were synthesized and assayed for aldose and aldehyde reductase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, a 4,6-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl pattern (9) was studied, in order to verify the optimum position of the phenol-moiety. Compound 5b emerged as the most potent and selective inhibitor. Moreover, further assays proved 5b as a potent antioxidant and an inhibitor of sorbitol accumulation in isolated rat lenses. Combining the above attributes, 5b could serve as a lead compound targeted at long-term diabetes complications.
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PMID:Structure-activity relations on [1-(3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]phenylmethanone. The effect of methoxy substitution on aldose reductase inhibitory activity and selectivity. 2128 26

Ferulic acid (FA), a member of the hydroxycinnamate family, is an abundant dietary antioxidant that may offer beneficial effects against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, evidence for sulfation and glucuronidation of FA was investigated upon incubation with human liver microsomes and cytosol. Two main glucuronides, M1 (ether O-glucuronide) and M2 (ester acylglucuronide), were formed with a similar affinity (apparent K(m) 3.53 and 5.15 mM, respectively). A phenol sulfoconjugate was also formed with a higher affinity (K(m) 0.53 mM). Identification of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms involved in FA glucuronidation was investigated with 12 human recombinant enzymes. FA was mainly glucuronidated by UGT1A isoforms and by UGT2B7. UGT1A4, 2B4, 2B15 and 2B17 failed to glucuronidate the substance. Examination of the kinetic constants revealed that FA was mainly glucuronidated by UGT1A1 at the two nucleophilic groups. UGT1A3 was able to glucuronidate these two positions with the same, but low, efficiency. UGT1A6 and 1A8 were involved in the formation of the ether glucuronide only, whereas UGT1A7, 1A10 and 2B7 preferentially glucuronidated the carboxyl group. Moreover, octyl gallate, a marker substrate of UGT1A1, competitively inhibited FA glucuronidation mediated by this isoform. Altogether, the results suggest that FA glucuronidation is primarily mediated by UGT1A1.
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PMID:Identification of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in the glucuronidation of the phytochemical ferulic acid. 2142 72


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