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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of urinary conduits to absorb glucose was investigated. A solution containing 1% glucose and the inert marker phenol red was put into conduits in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Samples were withdrawn at intervals for analysis and the fall in concentrations plotted against time. The loops in the patients without diabetes did not absorb glucose, but glucose was absorbed in one of the three diabetics. Ileal loops in patients with diabetes may absorb urinary glucose. This should be checked in any diabetic with urinary diversion before advice is given on long term management. Routine testing of conduit urine for glucose may not be an adequate screen for diabetes in patients with urinary diversions.
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PMID:Absorption of glucose from urinary conduits in diabetics and non-diabetics. 641 97

Glucosylated albumin of human serum isolated by dye-ligand chromatography on blue Sepharose, was not found to be completely reducible by sodium borohydride. The percentage reducible hexose as judged by phenol-sulphuric acid reaction was in the range of 49.7 +/- 12.8 in control subjects (n = 24) and 53.8 +/- 14.2 in diabetics (n = 50). Increase in the level of total hexose bound to albumin and reducible hexose were equally significant in diabetes (P less than 0.001). Sodium chloride gradient elution during chromatography on blue Sepharose showed that glucosylated albumin had lesser affinity than the native protein to the matrix. It is proposed that an addition product between hexose and albumin is formed during nonenzymatic reaction and this adduct is fairly stable and is not reducible by sodium borohydride.
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PMID:Studies on sodium-borohydride-reducible hexose in glucosyl-albumin. 662 88

This study examined the suitability of commercial U.S.P. insulin as a bacterial growth medium. Purified port insulin (Iletin II, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana) was inoculated with approximately 500,000 bacteria per ml of: (1) Staphylococcus epidermidis, (2) Staphylococcus aureus, or (3) Escherichia coli. All three bacterial cultures were sterilized by the insulin within 24 h at 37 degrees C. However, Staph epidermidis was the most sensitive and Escherichia coli was least sensitive to the bactericidal effects of commercial U.S.P. insulin. Components of commercial U.S.P. insulin were then examined for their bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. Phenol (230 mg/dl), glycerol (1.6 d/dl), and zinc cations (4.0, 2.0, and 1.0 mg/dl) demonstrated bactericidal activity, whereas dialyzed insulin demonstrated minimal effects. We conclude that insulin contaminated with 5 X 10(5) bacteria commonly found on the skin will self-sterilize within 24 h. This effect is secondary to the additives placed in the insulin and not to the insulin itself.
Diabetes 1982 Jan
PMID:Bactericidal properties of commercial U.S.P. formulated insulin. 675 10

The conjugative metabolism of p-nitroanisole (pNA) and p-nitrophenol (pNP) was studied in isolated hepatocytes of male and female rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Hepatocytes of male diabetic rats formed more of the glucuronide conjugate from pNA than controls and a tendency toward higher sulfate conjugate production was observed. By summation of conjugated metabolites and unconjugated phenol, it was determined that O-demethylation of pNA was also increased, possibly accounting for the increased production of conjugated metabolites. Production of the sulfate conjugate directly from pNP was inhibited in male diabetic hepatocytes when the substrate concentration was 50 microM but was not altered at other substrate concentrations. Glucuronidation was increased in hepatocytes of diabetic rats when pNP was used as substrate at concentrations of 50 and 100 microM, whereas there was no difference from control at 25 microM pNP. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin returned glucuronidation to control values. The effect of diabetes on glucuronidation in hepatocytes was not due to increases in microsomal glucuronyltransferase activity. In contrast to males, no differences were observed between hepatocytes of control and diabetic female rats in the capacity to form conjugated metabolites from pNA or pNP. It is consistent with previous reports that alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatocytes of male diabetic rats led to accelerated formation of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, resulting in greater rates of glucuronidation.
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PMID:Conjugation of p-nitroanisole and p-nitrophenol in hepatocytes isolated from streptozotocin diabetic rats. 678 90

Angiosarcoma of the liver was diagnosed at autopsy in a 50 year old female with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Over the course of 27 years, the patient received 27 l of Insulin-preparations applied subcutaneously and by an intraperitoneal pump-system. The preparations contained 20 g phenol. Known carcinogens for angiosarcoma of the liver-thorotrast, monovinylchloride or arsenic-were excluded. Phenol is a well known carcinogen of the skin and its tumor-promoting potential has been demonstrated in vitro. We suggest phenol as a potential aetiologic factor for angiosarcoma of the liver.
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PMID:[Coincidence of hepatic angiosarcoma and insulin-resistance diabetes mellitus with high-dose intraperitoneal insulin therapy]. 753

To estimate autonomic neuropathy in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster, which is an established strain for the non-obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, gastric emptying and morphometric analysis of the vagus nerve were studied in 12-month-old spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters (duration of diabetes was 9 months). Gastric emptying was determined by the phenol red method. Vagus was obtained from just above the diaphragm. Morphometric analysis of myelinated fibers was performed light-microscopically using semi-thin sections and unmyelinated fibers were studied electron-microscopically using ultra-thin sections. Gastric emptying of spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster was significantly increased compared with control (86.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 51.2 +/- 3.4, P < 0.01). Myelinated fibers of the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster were not different from control animals, while the size of unmyelinated fibers in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster was significantly decreased. These data suggest that pathological changes in unmyelinated fibers, which consist mainly of afferent fibers, might play a role in gastric motor dysfunction in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995 May
PMID:Rapid gastric emptying and pathological changes of vagus nerve in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster. 758 24

Gastric emptying was measured in normal and insulin-treated spontaneously diabetic BB rats using the retention of an acaloric methylcellulose gel containing phenol red delivered by gavage. Dye content in stomachs removed after killing 20 min later was determined spectroscopically, and was compared to that in rats killed immediately after gavage to assess emptying. Diabetic rats had a markedly greater gastric emptying (90.3 +/- 1.7% passed) compared to normal Harlan Sprague Dawley rats (49.1 +/- 4.7% passed; p < 0.001) and non-diabetic BB rats (61.1 +/- 9.2% passed; p < 0.001). The pancreatic beta-cell peptide, amylin, which is deficient in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, dose-dependently inhibited gastric emptying in both normal and diabetic rats. The ED50 of the response in normal rats measured by phenol red and novel [3-3H]glucose gavage techniques was approximately 0.4 microgram. This dose was estimated to increase plasma amylin concentration by a mean of approximately 20 pmol/l to concentrations within the range observed in vivo. It is proposed that amylin could participate in the physiological control of nutrient entry into the duodenum and that the accelerated gastric emptying seen in BB rats could be related to their lack of amylin secretion.
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PMID:Gastric emptying is accelerated in diabetic BB rats and is slowed by subcutaneous injections of amylin. 767 83

Sulphotransferases (STs) are a family of closely related enzymes playing a key role in regulation of the bioavailability and activity of important endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones. A relationship between the expression of steroid STs and the diabetic state has been demonstrated in various laboratory animal models, and steroid sulphates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate are known to have anti-diabetic properties. In order to further our understanding of the molecular basis for the association of steroid hormone sulphation and diabetes, we have examined the expression of oestrogen, phenol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) STs in mice carrying the obesity mutation (ob), which in the homozygous state (ob/ob) produces mice which are obese and diabetic. Our data show that, in male mice, ST activities towards oestrone (E1), oestriol (E3), DHEA and the xenobiotic 1-naphthol are elevated in ob/ob mice, whereas in female mice, only the oestrogen ST activities were elevated, with the DHEA and 1-naphthol ST activities reduced. Using antibodies directed against oestrogen ST, it was demonstrated that the induction of E1 and E3 ST activity in ob/ob mice correlated with the expression of an ST isoenzyme not constitutively expressed in control mouse liver.
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PMID:Differential expression of hepatic oestrogen, phenol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphotransferases in genetically obese diabetic (ob/ob) male and female mice. 789 Oct 22

Sex steroid sulfotransferases (ST) sulfurylate and thus inactivate estrogens or androgens, producing an androgenized or estrogenized state in the liver. The expression of diabetes in a number of animal models is sexually dimorphic and has been associated with steroidal states. Although the viable yellow (Avy) mutation produces an insulin-resistant obesity syndrome in mice of both sexes, only males develop chronic hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was rapidly induced in Avy/a females by dexamethasone (dex). This treatment completely suppressed both endogenous plasma corticosterone and hepatic corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) mRNA within 24 h. Hyperglycemia in dex-implanted Avy/a females was accompanied by aberrant shifts in hepatic androgen/estrogen balance. This was effected by induction of estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) mRNA together with a > 10-fold increase in enzymatic activity. Similar dex-induced increases in androgen ST or phenol ST were not observed. Prior implantation of estrogen prevented development of hyperglycemia. The time-dependent spontaneous reversal of dex-induced hyperglycemia correlated with re-expression of CBG mRNA transcripts and reduced levels of EST transcripts and enzyme activity. Although dex-induced hyperglycemia was limited to Avy/a females, dex elicited hyperinsulinemia in lean a/a control mice of both sexes and exacerbated constitutive hyperinsulinemia in Avy/a males and females. In summary, dex-induced hyperglycemia in Avy/a females was associated with increased catabolism of hepatic estrogens mediated by induction of EST.
Diabetes 1994 Aug
PMID:Dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in obese Avy/a (viable yellow) female mice entails preferential induction of a hepatic estrogen sulfotransferase. 803 8

Recent investigations suggest a role for antioxidants in preventing IDDM. MDL 29,311 (4,4'-[methylenebis(thio)]bis](1,1- dimethylethyl)]-phenol) is an analogue of the antioxidant probucol. Administered as a 1% dietary admixture to female nonobese diabetic mice from 4 to 24 wk of age, MDL reduced the prevalence of diabetes from 49 to 4% at 24 wk of age (n = 50-61/group). Discontinuation of treatment at 24 wk of age did not result in a rapid onset of diabetes. Probucol (1%) did not prevent diabetes. Initiating MDL treatment at 4 or 8 wk of age was more effective (19 and 17%, respectively, compared with 60% in control mice) than initiating treatment at 12 wk of age (30% diabetic; n = 28-35/group). A lower dose of MDL (0.1%), started at 4 wk of age, decreased the prevalence of diabetes to 36%. Histopathology indicated that MDL did not prevent insulitis. MDL (0.1%) also was evaluated in combination with immunosuppressants. Compared with control mice (65% diabetic), the combination of MDL and deflazacort was more effective (21% diabetic) than either agent alone (39% diabetic for MDL and 59% diabetic for deflazacort), whereas the effectiveness of MDL, cyclosporin, and MDL plus cyclosporin was similar (39, 38, and 34% diabetic, respectively). In another model of IDDM, the multiple-low-dose streptozocin-injected mouse, MDL (1%) also reduced the prevalence of diabetes when administered beginning 8 wk before streptozocin (55% diabetic vs. 100% of control mice; n = 20-25/group). Probucol (1%) was ineffective. MDL appears effective in preventing the onset of disease in two mouse models of IDDM.
Diabetes 1993 Dec
PMID:Antioxidant MDL 29,311 prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic and multiple low-dose STZ-injected mice. 824 18


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