Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We wished to examine the effects of diabetes on muscle glutamine kinetics. Accordingly, female Wistar rats (200 g) were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (85 mg/kg) and studied 4 days later; control rats received saline. In diabetic rats, glutamine concentration of gastrocnemius muscle was 33% less than in control rats: 2.60 +/- 0.06 mumol/g vs. 3.84 +/- 0.13 mumol/g (P < 0.001). In gastrocnemius muscle, glutamine synthetase activity (Vmax) was unaltered by diabetes (approx. 235 nmol/min per g) but glutaminase Vmax increased from 146 +/- 29 to 401 +/- 94 nmol/min per g; substrate Km values of neither enzyme were affected by diabetes. Net glutamine efflux (A-V concentration difference x blood flow) from hindlimbs of diabetic rats in vivo was greater than control values (-30.0 +/- 3.2 vs. -1.9 +/- 2.6 nmol/min per g (P < 0.001)) and hindlimb NH3 uptake was concomitantly greater (about 27 nmol/min per g). The glutamine transport capacity (Vmax) of the Na-dependent System Nm in perfused hindlimb muscle was 29% lower in diabetic rats than in controls (820 +/- 50 vs. 1160 +/- 80 nmol/min per g (P < 0.01)), but transporter Km was the same in both groups (9.2 +/- 0.5 mM). The difference between inward and net glutamine fluxes indicated that glutamine efflux in perfused hindlimbs was stimulated in diabetes at physiological perfusate glutamine (0.5 mM); ammonia (1 mM in perfusate) had little effect on net glutamine flux in control and diabetic muscles. Intramuscular Na+ was 26% greater in diabetic (13.2 mumol/g) than control muscle, but muscle K+ (100 mumol/g) was similar. The accelerated rate of glutamine release from skeletal muscle and the lower muscle free glutamine concentration observed in diabetes may result from a combination of: (i), a diminished Na+ electrochemical gradient (i.e., the net driving force for glutamine accrual in muscle falls); (ii), a faster turnover of glutamine in muscle and (iii), an increased Vmax/Km for sarcolemmal glutamine efflux.
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PMID:A role for membrane transport in modulation of intramuscular free glutamine turnover in streptozotocin diabetic rats. 146 65

Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) was assayed in homogenates of brain cerebellum, hippocampus or striatum from normal, starved for 48 h to 120 h or streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Only the hippocampal enzyme was increased (47%) by diabetes. Starvation had no effect in any of the regions studied. PAG of synaptosomes or of non-synaptosomal mitochondria from the hippocampus was also increased by 48% and 22% respectively in diabetes. PAG of synaptosomes from the cortex, the cerebellum, or the striatum or of the non-synaptosomal mitochondria from the cortex were not affected by diabetes or prolonged (120 h) starvation. A suggestion is presented that peripheral insulin, indirectly, may regulate PAG activity in a specific region of the rat brain.
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PMID:Effect of starvation or streptozotocin-diabetes on phosphate-activated glutaminase of different rat brain regions. 153 31

Mammalian liver possesses a unique isozyme of phosphate-activated glutaminase which plays an important role in the regulation of glutamine catabolism. Antibodies to hepatic glutaminase were used to screen a lambda gt11 rat liver cDNA library. One cDNA to hepatic glutaminase was identified. Changes in the relative abundance of hepatic glutaminase mRNA were determined by hybridization to this cDNA. The mRNA is found only in liver; it is not present prior to birth but its abundance increases dramatically at birth. The abundance of the mRNA is increased approximately 4-fold in diabetes. The sequence of the cDNA was compared to that recently published for kidney (brain)-type glutaminase (Banner, C., Hwang, J.-J., Shapiro, R.A., Wenthold, R.J., Nakatani, Y., Lampel, K.A., Thomas, J.W., Huie, D., and Curthoys, N.P. (1988) Mol. Brain Res. 3, 247-254). When the predicted amino acid sequences were compared a region of 123 amino acids with greater than 80% identity was found. The presence of scattered amino acid substitutions within stretches of identical amino acids suggests that the glutaminase isozymes are encoded by separate genes. This is the first demonstration of any similarity between the two glutaminases at the molecular level.
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PMID:Molecular cloning of a cDNA for rat hepatic glutaminase. Sequence similarity to kidney-type glutaminase. 219 54

1. In short- and long-term diabetic rats there is a marked increase in size of both the small intestine and colon, which was accompanied by marked decreases (P less than 0.001) and increases (P less than 0.001) in the arterial concentrations of glutamine and ketone bodies respectively. 2. Portal-drained viscera blood flow increased by approx. 14-37% when expressed as ml/100 g body wt., but was approximately unchanged when expressed as ml/g of small intestine of diabetic rats. 3. Arteriovenous-difference measurements for ketone bodies across the gut were markedly increased in diabetic rats, and the gut extracted ketone bodies at approx. 7 and 60 nmol/min per g of small intestine in control and 42-day-diabetic rats respectively. 4. Glutamine was extracted by the gut of control rats at a rate of 49 nmol/min per g of small intestine, which was diminished by 45, 76 and 86% in 7-, 21- and 42-day-diabetic rats respectively. 5. Colonocytes isolated from 7- or 42-day-diabetic rats showed increased and decreased rates of ketone-body and glutamine metabolism respectively, whereas enterocytes of the same animals showed no apparent differences in the rates of acetoacetate utilization as compared with control animals. 6. Prolonged diabetes had no effects on the maximal activities of either glutaminase or ketone-body-utilizing enzymes of colonic tissue preparations. 7. It is concluded that, although the epithelial cells of the small intestine and the colon during streptozotocin-induced diabetes exhibit decreased rates of metabolism of glutamine, such decreases were partially compensated for by enhanced ketone-body utilization by the gut mucosa of diabetic rats.
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PMID:Glutamine and ketone-body metabolism in the gut of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 289 6

Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were assayed in homogenates and synaptosomes obtained from starved (48 hr or 120 hr) and diabetic (streptozotocin) rat brain cortex. Glutamine synthetase (GS) was assayed in homogenates, microsomal and soluble fractions, from brain cortex of similarly treated rats. L-Glutamate uptake and exit rates were determined in cortex slices and synaptosomes under the same conditions. The specific activity (s.a.) of PAG, a glutamate producing enzyme, decreased (50%) in the homogenate after 120-hr starvation. In synaptosomes it decreased (25%) only after 48-hr starvation. The s.a. of GAD and GS, which are glutamate-consuming enzymes, were progressively increased with time of starvation, reaching 39% and 55% respectively after 120 hr. GS in the microsomes or the soluble fraction and GAD in the synaptosomes showed no change in s.a. under these conditions. Diabetes increased (40%) microsomal GS s.a. and decreased GAD s.a. (18%) in the homogenate. The L-glutamate uptake rate was decreased (48%) by diabetes in slices but no in synaptosomes. It is suggested that a) enzymes of the glutamate system respond differently in different subcellular fractions towards diabetes or deprivation of food and b) diabetes may affect the uptake system in glial cells but not in neurons.
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PMID:Effects of fasting and diabetes on some enzymes and transport of glutamate in cortex slices or synaptosomes from rat brain. 289 38

The intestine is capable of shifting its major fuel source from glutamine in the fed animal to ketone bodies in the fasted animal. Glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), the entry enzyme of glutamine oxidation, was examined for its function as a determinant in the utilization of jejunal fuel during diabetes and fasting. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made ketotic to varied degrees by either fasting or the induction of diabetes with graded doses of streptozotocin (SZ). Specific activity of glutaminase was decreased in the diabetic animals to 64% (p less than 0.05) of controls in the group receiving 110 mg/kg SZ and 82% of controls in the group receiving 65 mg/kg SZ and to 78% (p less than 0.05) of controls in the fasted animals. The activity of glutaminase in the small intestine was negatively correlated to the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma (r = -0.97, p less than 0.025) and jejunum (r = -0.92, p less than 0.05) for the four groups of animals. Specific activity of glutaminase was decreased in all cell types isolated along the villus-crypt axis of the small intestine from diabetic and fasted rats compared with control rats. The quantity of glutaminase-protein was determined by a dot immunobinding assay using an antibody to purified glutaminase. The activity of glutaminase relative to immunoreactive glutaminase-protein was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) to 53% of control values in the 110 mg/kg SZ group, 77% in the 65 mg/kg SZ group, and 70% in the fasted group. These data indicate that an inactivation of glutaminase-protein may play a role in the ability of the intestine to shift its fuel source from glutamine to ketone bodies during diabetes and fasting.
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PMID:Effect of diabetic ketosis on jejunal glutaminase. 308 69

The small intestine is the major site of glutamine utilization in the mammalian body. During prolonged (40-day) streptozotocin-diabetes in the rat there is a marked increase in both the size and the phosphate-activated glutaminase activity of the small intestine. Despite this increased capacity, intestinal glutamine utilization ceases in diabetic rats. Mean arterial glutamine concentration fell by more than 50% in diabetic rats, suggesting that substrate availability is responsible for the decrease in intestinal glutamine use. When arterial glutamine concentrations in diabetic rats were elevated by infusion of glutamine solutions, glutamine uptake across the portal-drained viscera was observed. The effect of other respiratory fuels on intestinal glutamine metabolism was examined. Infusions of ketone bodies did not affect glutamine use by the portal-drained viscera of non-diabetic rats. Prolonged diabetes had no effect on the activity of 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in the small intestine or on the rate of ketone-body utilization in isolated enterocytes. Glutamine (2 mM) utilization was decreased in enterocytes isolated from diabetic rats as compared with those from control animals. However, glutaminase activity in homogenates of enterocytes was unchanged by diabetes. In enterocytes isolated from diabetic rats the addition of ketone bodies or octanoate decreased glutamine use. It is proposed that during prolonged diabetes ketone bodies, and possibly fatty acids, replace glutamine as the major respiratory fuel of the small intestine.
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PMID:The regulation of glutamine and ketone-body metabolism in the small intestine of the long-term (40-day) streptozotocin-diabetic rat. 347 86

The effects of short- and long-term diabetes on the maximal activities of phosphate-dependent glutaminase and glutamine metabolism were studied in the colon and the small intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The maximal activity of colonic phosphate-dependent glutaminase was decreased [44% in mucosal scrapings (p less than 0.01); 29% in whole colon (p less than 0.001)] or unchanged in short- or long-term diabetes respectively. That of the small intestine was increased in both short- (110%) and long-term (200%-500%) diabetes; insulin treatment corrected this increase. Acute insulin-deficiency (using anti-insulin serum) resulted in the increase (18%, p less than 0.05) of the activity of only intestinal glutaminase. Chemically-induced acidosis and alkalosis decreased (46%, p less than 0.001) and increased (24%, p less than 0.001), respectively, the activity of intestinal glutaminase, but had no effect on the colonic enzyme. Changes in glutaminase of the enlarged colon and small intestine were only detectable when activities were measured in whole organ. Arteriovenous-difference measurements showed diminished metabolism of plasma glutamine by the gut which correlated with the duration of the state of diabetes, and was accompanied by enhanced release by skeletal muscle and increased uptake by both kidney and liver. It is concluded that insulin is directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism of the gut.
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PMID:The maximal activity of phosphate-dependent glutaminase and glutamine metabolism in the colon and the small intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 356 95

The activity of phosphate-activated glutaminase was increased in the kidney, liver and small intestine of rats made diabetic for 6 days with injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg body wt.). Insulin prevented this increase in all three tissues. Treatment with NaHCO3, to correct the acidosis that accompanies diabetes, prevented the increase in renal glutaminase activity, but not that in liver or small intestine. Chemically induced acidosis (NH4Cl solution as drinking water) or alkalosis (NaHCO3 solution as drinking water) increased and decreased, respectively, glutaminase activity in the kidney, but were without significant effect on the activity in liver and small intestine. The increase in glutaminase activity in the small intestine during diabetes was due to an overall increase in the size of this organ, and was only detectable when activity was expressed in terms of whole organ, not mucosal scrapings or isolated enterocytes. Prolonged diabetes (40 days) resulted in an even greater increase in the size and glutaminase activity of the small intestine. Despite this marked increase in capacity for glutamine catabolism, arteriovenous-difference measurements showed a complete suppression of plasma glutamine utilization by the small intestine during diabetes, confirming the report by Brosnan, Man, Hall, Colbourne & Brosnan [(1983) Am. J. Physiol. 235, E261-E265].
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PMID:The regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. 650 57

(1) Glucagon activates hepatic glutaminase in vivo. Mitochondria from glucagon-injected rats retain an enhanced capacity to catabolize glutamine and this is more sensitive to activation by inorganic phosphate. The glucagon-elicited stimulation of glutaminase is not evident in broken mitochondria. A similar activation of glutaminase occurs in a number of situations which are associated with elevated glucagon levels in vivo, i.e., after a high-protein meal, after injection of bacterial endotoxin and in diabetes mellitus. (2) Studies in isolated hepatocytes revealed that glutaminase could be activated, not only by glucagon, but also by a cell-permeable protein kinase A activator (Sp-cAMPS) and by a cell-permeable protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor (okadaic acid). However, the activation of glutaminase by glucagon was not inhibited by a cell-permeable protein kinase A inhibitor (Rp-8-Br-cAMPS). We suggest that the signalling pathway, for glutaminase activation by glucagon, is complex and possibly contains redundant elements.
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PMID:Hormonal control of hepatic glutaminase. 757 40


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