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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments on male rats showed that following subcutaneous injection of alloxan in a dose of 15 mg per 100 g of body weight amylolytic, invertase, glycyl-l-tyrosine dipeptidehydrolase activity of the mucosa of the small intestine altered differently. As a result, there occurred a deviation of the enzymatic spectrum from the normal characterized by a sharp increase (with the development of diabetes) of the activity of the carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes (amylase and invertase) with a simultaneous reduction of the activity of the enzymes participating in protein (dipeptidase) and fat (monglyceridlipase) hydrolysis.
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PMID:[Effect of alloxan diabetes on the enzyme activity of the mucous membrane of the small intestine]. 72 80

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the synthetic immunomodulator MDP on an experimentally induced diabetes. It has been previously demonstrated that a single high dose of streptozotocin (STZ) induces hyperglycemia by direct destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. MDP had no effect on the diabetes induced by high dose STZ injection. However, MDP partially protected mice against the toxicity of STZ. In contrast to the first model, repeated low dosages of STZ have been shown to induce hyperglycemia due to autoimmune destruction of beta-cells. Large dosages of MDP given before these low dosages of STZ markedly decreased the diabetogenic effect of STZ. It is proposed that this protection is due to the immunosuppressive activity of MDP.
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PMID:Prevention of low dose streptozotocin induced diabetes by muramyl dipeptide. 297 32

The effect of various adjuvants has been investigated on the multi-low-dose (mld) streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetes in C57BL/6 and CBA mice; diabetes was severe in the former strain. Diabetic levels of glycaemia were not attained in either strain using half the mld STZ dose (sub-mld-STZ). The adjuvants were found to affect the levels of glycaemia variously. Thus, in C57BL/6 mice at mld-STZ, CFA and saponin had no effect, whereas MDP and LPS respectively decreased and increased glycaemia; at sub-mld-STZ, each of the adjuvants increased glycaemia. In CBA mice, at both mld- and sub-mld-STZ, CFA and saponin increased glycaemia; at mld-STZ, MDP caused an initial increase but a later decrease in glycaemia, whereas with sub-mld-STZ only a decrease in glycaemia occurred; at mld-STZ, LPS was toxic in this strain, and had no effect on glycaemia at sub-mld-STZ. In both C57BL/6 and CBA mice, STZ caused a decrease in both spontaneous and PHA-stimulated blastogenesis. This persisted until day 14 in the C57BL/6 strain and until day 28 in the CBA strain. CFA reversed the anergy by day 7 in C57BL/6 mice and by day 14 in CBA mice, but did not improve beta-cell function, since further increments in glycaemia followed, except in mld-STZ C57BL/6 mice. Islet-cell surface antibodies (ICSAs) and cytotoxic islet-cell antibodies (CxICAs) occurred in both strains of mouse. ICSAs were persistent (still present at day 67), but CxICAs were detected only until day 23. The presence of ICSAs and CxICAs during the development of the diabetic state, and of ICSAs during its perpetuation, suggests that they may have a role in its aetiopathology. The lack of a correlation of non-specific T-cell anergy with glycaemia does not exclude a role for antigen-specific T-cell pathogenic processes.
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PMID:The effect of adjuvants on immune function in the multi-low-dose streptozotocin model of murine diabetes. 307 55

Patients with diffusely increased uptake in both kidneys (often referred to as "host kidneys") on Tc-99m-MDP bone imaging were evaluated. Among 2056 patients reviewed, this finding was seen in 13 patients (0.63%): four with liver cirrhosis, two with lung cancer, one each with primary hepatoma, Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, thyroid cancer, leukemia, sideroblastic anemia and diabetes mellitus. Renal vascular disease and iron overload are considered to be the major causes of this finding.
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PMID:Diffusely increased Tc-99m-MDP uptake in both kidneys. 645 33

Bone scintigraphy is an extremely sensitive method for the detection of focal bone disease. In many hospitals, quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy is still a routine procedure in detecting sacroiliitis. In previous studies, both 99Tcm-methylenediphosphonate (99Tcm-MDP) and 99Tcm-pyrophosphate have been used for bone imaging. 99Tcm-pyrophosphate is eliminated more slowly than 99Tcm-MDP from the circulation and gives a higher background activity. We wished to discover the sacroiliac/sacral ratio (SI/S ratio) changes when using different bone agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in SI/S ratios between the two bone agents. Forty-six control subjects, aged 31-50 years, with no history of back pain, scoliosis, kyphosis, joint pain, arthritis, lesions within the pelvis, chemotherapy or systemic diseases such as diabetes or systemic lupus erythematosis, were included in the study. A posterior planar image of the pelvis was performed to calculate the SI/S ratio 3 h after the injection of 740 MBq 99Tcm-MDP or 99Tcm-pyrophosphate. Twenty-five subjects were studied with 99Tcm-MDP and 21 with 99Tcm-pyrophosphate. We found the SI/S ratios using 99Tcm-MDP to be slightly higher than those using 99Tcm-pyrophosphate, especially on the left side, but this difference was not statistically significant (P-values > 0.1 on both sides using Student's t-tests for unpaired data).
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PMID:The influence of two bone agents (99Tcm-pyrophosphate and 99Tcm-methylenediphosphonate) on quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy. 919 87

Renal dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) activity in serum and urine from healthy volunteers (n = 20), patients with diabetes (n = 18) and patients with chronic renal failure (n = 5) was measured using glycyl-D-alanine as substrate. The assay was highly specific for the enzyme and was not affected by the various aminopeptidases present in serum and urine. No difference in serum renal dipeptidase activity was observed between the groups. The enzyme activity (U/L) in urine was higher than that in serum, irrespective of the group, suggesting the urine concentration was not affected by the serum concentration. The mean renal dipeptidase activities in urine were 2.56, 2.46 and 0.78 U/mol creatinine for healthy subjects, patients with diabetes and patients with chronic renal failure, respectively. The renal dipeptidase activity was significantly lower in the chronic renal failure group. The urinary excretion of dipeptidase (U/mmol creatinine) showed significant inverse correlations with that of beta 2-microglobulin, albumin and alpha 1-microglobulin, and with serum concentrations of creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin and alpha 1-microglobulin. We suggest that urine dipeptidase may be a useful marker of renal diseases.
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PMID:Behaviour of urinary dipeptidase in patients with chronic renal failure. 1037 Jul 41

One of the classic histologic forms of renal osteodystrophy is osteitis fibrosa, and its distinguishing characteristic is bone marrow (BM) fibrosis, caused by the activation of marrow parenchymal cells. A bone biopsy must be performed in order to establish the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. The clinical use of bone biopsy is restricted, however, due to the invasiveness of the procedure. In recent studies, bone scans have provided information useful for the differential diagnosis between osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa. However, bone scans can not provide information on the bone marrow status. Bone marrow immunoscintigraphy (BMIS) using Tc-99m anti-granulocyte antibody (AGA), a highly sensitive test for the detection of bone marrow abnormalities which is also a noninvasive method, has rarely been reported in chronic renal failure (CRF). BMIS can provide information in patients with myelofibrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of BMIS in CRF patients with special regards to biochemical parameters. Nineteen CRF patients (13 men, 6 women; mean age: 48 +/- 11 years) in whom bone scintigraphy using Tc-99m MDP (methylene diphosphonate) showed the so-called superscan pattern were included in the study. Their primary renal diseases were chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 14), diabetes (n = 4), and polycystic kidney disease (n = 1). Modes of therapies were continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (n = 13; mean duration: 9.5 months), HD (n = 5; mean duration: 7.8 months), and conservative treatment (n = 1). BMIS using Tc-99m labeled anti-granulocyte monoclonal mouse antibody BW250/183 was performed, and the results were compared with the biochemical parameters of the patients. According to the presence of BM expansion, which may represent marrow fibrosis, the 19 patients were divided into two groups: Group I (n = 7) with BM expansion and Group II (n = 12) with normal marrow distribution. The biochemical parameters and bone markers of Group I were compared with those of Group II. There was no significant difference in biochemical parameters (blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin, erythropoietin, BUN, creatinine) between the two groups. There were no significants difference in serum calcium, phosphorus, tartate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) between the two groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Group I than in Group II. These results suggest that patients with bone marrow expansion in BMIS have increased levels of ALP and osteocalcin, indicating an increased osteoblastic activity. BMIS may be useful for the detection of bone marrow expansion due to marrow fibrosis in renal osteodystrophy, and for the evaluation of the extent of bone marrow fibrosis.
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PMID:Bone marrow immunoscintigraphy (BMIS): a new and important tool for the assessment of marrow fibrosis in renal osteodystrophy? 1064 20

The diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis is often difficult both clinically and radiologically with a delay in radiological sign occurrence and difficulties of imaging interpretation. Bone biopsy is known to be the diagnosis gold standard. However, if negative, the diagnosis of osteomyelitis cannot be excluded and this method is not harmless. An early diagnosis of osteomyelitis is necessary to start an antibiotic treatment in conjunction with conservative surgery. (99m)Tc-HMPAO labelled leucocyte scintigraphy performed in conjunction with bone scintigraphy significantly contributes to the diagnosis of osteomyelitis (sensitivity=100% and specificity > 95%). In case of osteomyelitis suspicion, after plain radiography, the (99m)Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy is the first step. If negative, osteomyelitis is unlikely. If positive, a (99m)Tc-HMPAO leucocyte scintigraphy should be performed in order to exclude or to confirm the diagnosis of bone infection.
Diabetes Metab 2001 Jun
PMID:[Nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis]. 1143 8

Pott's disease is an uncommon extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis. Delay in diagnosis and management may cause serious complications. The authors describe Pott's disease incidentally detected on Tc-99m MDP bone and Ga-67 imaging in a patient with diabetes. Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy showed intensely increased uptake in the lower cervical spine and lumbosacral regions. Ga-67 scintigraphy revealed intensely increased uptake corresponding to the areas noted on Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed destructive lesions in the C5-C6 and L5-S1 intervertebral discs with destruction of adjacent end plates. Biopsy of the lumbosacral area was guided by computed tomography, and histologic examination of the bone specimen showed caseation, giant cells, and acid-fast bacilli. Posterior decompression and posterolateral spinal fusion with bone grafts were performed. Antituberculous chemotherapy with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was started. The patient showed remarkable relief of symptoms during a period of 9 months of therapy. Both Tc-99m MDP bone and Ga-67 imaging can offer the convenience of screening the entire body to detect multiple sites of Pott's disease.
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PMID:Multifocal Pott's disease (tuberculous spondylitis) incidentally detected on Tc-99m MDP bone and Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy in a patient with diabetes. 1264 5

This paper reviews present understanding of the role played by the sarcolemmal glutamine transporter, system N(m), in control of intramuscular glutamine concentration. Glutamine transport in skeletal muscle is a saturable, stereospecific, Na dependent and insulin sensitive process. The activity of system N(m) is subject to modification during muscle denervation, diabetes and exposure to bacterial products in a manner consistent with the observed negative glutamine balance exhibited by muscle during such circumstances. The modification in transporter activity appears to be dependent on factors influencing the distribution of Na across the sarcolemma, the resting membrane potential and the active carrier population in the sarcolemma (possibly through up or down regulation of the number of transporter molecules). Derangements in net membrane glutamine transport during pathophysiological conditions may help, partly, to account for the loss in muscle glutamine which in turn may influence control of protein and carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. The free intramuscular glutamine concentration appears to act as a positive signal in the control of muscle protein turnover and glycogen synthesis, a finding that may have important therapeutic implications for limiting muscle wasting. The kinetic properties of the glutamine transporter and the dipeptidase activity in the muscle vascular bed allow the intramuscular glutamine pool to be repleted following administration of glutamine dipeptides (such as Ala-Gln) with the result that a net anabolic shift in protein balance and an amelioration in muscle glutamine efflux takes place.
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PMID:Role of membrane transport in the regulation of skeletal muscle glutamine turnover. 1683 53


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