Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study was designed as a hospital-based, group-matched, case-control investigation into the risk factors associated with age-related cataract in central India. The study included 262 cases of age-related cataract and an equal number of controls. A total of 21 risk factors were evaluated: namely, low socioeconomic status (SES), illiteracy, marital status, history of diarrhoea, history of diabetes, glaucoma, use of cholinesterase inhibitors, steroids, spironolactone, nifedipine, analgesics, myopia early in life, renal failure, heavy smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, hypertension, low body mass index (BMI), use of cheaper cooking fuel, working in direct sunlight, family history of cataract, and occupational exposure. In univariate analysis, except marital status, low BMI, renal failure, use of steroids, spironolactone, analgesics, and occupational exposure, all 14 other risk factors were found significantly associated with age-related cataract. Unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the significance of low SES, illiteracy, history of diarrhoea, diabetes, glaucoma, myopia, smoking, hypertension and cheap cooking fuel. The etiological role of these risk factors in the outcome of cataract is confirmed by the estimates of attributable risk proportion. The estimates of population attributable risk proportion for these factors highlight the impact of elimination of these risk factors on the reduction of cataract in this population.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for cataract: a case control study. 1021 5

Exacerbating factors of tuberculosis were evaluated from the viewpoint of intractability of the disease including the effectiveness of chemotherapy by comparing patients with intractable tuberculosis and those with nonintractable tuberculosis. Of the patients aged 30 years or above admitted to our hospital for the initial episode of tuberculosis, 42 patients with intractable tuberculosis and 247 controls were compared. No difference was observed between the two groups in life-style factors such as smoking, drinking, and living alone or complications such as diabetes mellitus and cerebrospinal diseases. In the refractory group, a poor general condition with fever and body weight losses on admission, massive discharge of tubercle bacillus, and delayed diagnosis and treatment were frequently observed. Also, patients with a lymphocyte count of 500/mm3 or less such as those with anemia, hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia, high LDH and CRP levels, and a low cholinesterase level were significantly more frequent, and resistant bacteria were detected more frequently in this group.
 ...
PMID:[Factors for the onset of and the exacerbation of tuberculosis. 4. Clinical factors related to the onset and exacerbation of tuberculosis. b. Middle-aged and elderly patients]. 1056 36

The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on cholinesterases activities was studied in the retina and, for comparison, in other nervous and nonnervous tissues. Streptozotocin diabetes did not affect acetylcholinesterase activity in the retina but increased its activity in the cerebral cortex (100%) and in serum (55%), and decreased it by 30-40% in erythrocytes. The butyrylcholinesterase activity was decreased by 30-50% in retina and hippocampus and to a lesser extent in retinal pigment epithelium from rats treated with streptozotocin for one week. Changes observed in cholinesterase activities were not correlated with the fasting blood glucose concentration. The results suggest that diabetes might influence a specific subset of cells and isoforms of cholinesterases. This, in turn, could lead to alterations associated with diabetes complications.
 ...
PMID:Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on activities of cholinesterases in the rat retina. 1099 30

ICA69 is a diabetes autoantigen with no homologue of known function. Given that most diabetes autoantigens are associated with neuroendocrine secretory vesicles, we sought to determine if this is also the case for ICA69 and whether this protein participates in the process of neuroendocrine secretion. Western blot analysis of ICA69 tissue distribution in the mouse revealed a correlation between expression levels and secretory activity, with the highest expression levels in brain, pancreas, and stomach mucosa. Subcellular fractionation of mouse brain revealed that although most of the ICA69 pool is cytosolic and soluble, a subpopulation is membrane-bound and coenriched with synaptic vesicles. We used immunostaining in the HIT insulin-secreting beta-cell line to show that ICA69 localizes in a punctate manner distinct from the insulin granules, suggesting an association with the synaptic-like microvesicles found in these cells. To pursue functional studies on ICA69, we chose to use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, for which a homologue of ICA69 exists. We show that the promoter of the C. elegans ICA69 homologue is specifically expressed in all neurons and specialized secretory cells. A deletion mutant was isolated and found to exhibit resistance to the drug aldicarb (an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase), suggesting defective neurotransmitter secretion in the mutant. On the basis of the aldicarb resistance phenotype, we named the gene ric-19 (resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase-19). The resistance to aldicarb was rescued by introducing a ric-19 transgene into the ric-19 mutant background. This is the first study aimed at dissecting ICA69 function, and our results are consistent with the interpretation that ICA69/RIC-19 is an evolutionarily conserved cytosolic protein participating in the process of neuroendocrine secretion via association with certain secretory vesicles.
 ...
PMID:The diabetes autoantigen ICA69 and its Caenorhabditis elegans homologue, ric-19, are conserved regulators of neuroendocrine secretion. 1102 35

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of disability in people older than 75 years of age, has direct and indirect medical costs estimated at $100 billion per year. Yet underdiagnosis, coding, and reimbursement barriers result in most patients with AD receiving inadequate care. The vast majority of managed care organizations (MCOs) still lack formal disease management programs for AD. In several documented studies, the total costs for managing patients with AD increased significantly over age- and comorbidity-matched controls without AD. Importantly, these extra costs include not only nursing home care but also medical claims for inpatient stays, emergency department visits, and outpatient care. The extra costs are especially high in those patients with comorbidities such as diabetes or heart failure. Emerging pharmacoeconomic data indicate potential savings in medical care costs associated with early treatment of AD and the potential cost effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil. These studies document that Medicare MCOs are in need of directed efforts to improve medical management for members with AD.
 ...
PMID:The pharmacoeconomics of Alzheimer's disease. 1114 78

We studied the composition of molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Tissues were sequentially extracted with saline (S(1)) and saline-detergent buffers (S(2)). About a 50% decrease in AChE molecular forms was observed in the diabetic RPE compared to the controls. Approximately 70% of the BChE activity in normal RPE was brought into solution and evenly distributed in S(1) and S(2). Analysis of the fractions from RPE revealed the presence of G(A)(1), G(A)(4) and a small proportion of G(H)(4) BChE forms in S(1); whereas G(A)(4) and G(A)(1) molecules predominate in S(2). A 40% decrease in the activity of G(A)(4) in S(2) was observed in the diabetic RPE. Our results show that diabetes caused a remarkable decrease in the activity of cholinesterases molecular forms in the RPE. This might be related to the alterations observed in diabetic retinopathy.
 ...
PMID:Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase molecular forms in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rat retinal pigment epithelium. 1143 79

We studied the composition of molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas. Tissues were sequentially extracted with saline (S1) and saline-detergent buffers (S2). 50% decrease in the amphiphilic G4 and G1 AChE molecular forms was observed in the diabetic retina compared to the controls. Less than 5% of the cholinesterase activity was due to BChE. 60% of the BChE activity in normal retina was brought into solution and evenly distributed between S1 and S2. In spite of the low BChE activity in the retina it was possible to detect globular forms (G(A)1, G(A)2, G(A)4, G(H)4) and a small proportion of an asymmetric form (A12) in the S1 extract. The G(A)4 and G(A)1 forms were found in the S2 extract. In the diabetic retina the activity of G(A)4 and G(A)1 BChE molecular forms was reduced 60% and 40% respectively. Our results indicate that diabetes caused a remarkable decrease in the activity of cholinesterase molecular forms in the retina. These decrease might participate in the alterations observed in the diabetic retina.
 ...
PMID:Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in normal and diabetic rat retina. 1147 42

1. Changes in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been reported in diabetes mellitus that have been linked to certain brain defects. The erythrocyte membrane AChE is reported to be similar to AChE present in the brain. 2. Epicatechin, a member of a group of polyphenolic compounds collectively known as "catechins" that are present in tea and belong to the flavonoid family, has been reported to possess insulin-like activity. 3. In the present study, the in vitro effect of (-)epicatechin and/or insulin was tested on erythrocyte membrane AChE in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of the study was to test the efficacy of (-)epicatechin to mimic insulin in its effect on erythrocyte membrane AChE. 4. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients than in normal controls and in vitro insulin treatment restored this activity to normal levels. Epicatechin (1 mmol/L) also caused an elevation in AChE activity in diabetic erythrocytes, an effect that was similar to the effect of insulin. 5. Epicatechin has a pronounced insulin-like effect on erythrocyte membrane-bound AChE in type 2 diabetic patients; however, the mechanism of action of epicatechin remains speculative.
 ...
PMID:Insulin-like effect of (-)epicatechin on erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1155 37

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Lupinus albus, L. (Lupinus termis), family L. leguminosae, Cymbopogon proximus, (Halfa barr), family Gramineae, and Zygophyllum coccineum L. (Kammun quaramany), family L. Zygophyllacae on biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A dose of 1.5 ml of aqueous suspension of each herb/100 g body weight (equivalent to 75 mg/100 g b.wt.) was orally administered daily to alloxan-diabetic rats for 4 weeks. The levels of glucose, urea, creatinine and bilirubin were significantly (P<0.05) increased in plasma of alloxan-diabetic rats compared with the control group. In contrast, total protein and albumin were significantly decreased by 25 and 46%, respectively, versus control. Treatment of the diabetic rats with repeated doses of any one of the three herb suspensions could restore the changes of the above parameters to their normal levels after 4 weeks of treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activities were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the plasma of alloxan-diabetic rats. However, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the plasma compared with the control group, whereas, such activity did not change in brain. The activities of AST, ALT and LDH were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the liver of alloxan-diabetic rats by 58, 21 and 40%, respectively, and such activities increased in testes by 39, 26 and 26%, respectively, compared with the control group. Also, brain LDH was significantly (P<0.05) increased. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the aqueous suspension of the tested herbs restored the activities of the above enzymes to their normal level in plasma, liver and testes. The present results showed that the herb suspensions exerted antihyperglycemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver and renal damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical study on the effects of some Egyptian herbs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 1178 59

The recent development of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease has increased interest in the use of biochemical markers for the early detection and diagnosis of dementia, but only the measurement of the protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to help diagnose sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has become accepted clinical practice. CSF concentrations of tau protein and beta-amyloid peptide 42 have been widely investigated as potential diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease, but neither has shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use. Preliminary investigations suggest that beta-amyloid peptide 42 may be useful in monitoring disease progression, but this needs to be verified. In addition, biochemical investigations may help to identify the small number of patients with treatable causes of dementia such as hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency, as well as any other compounding condition such as anaemia or diabetes mellitus that increase morbidity.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical investigations in patients with dementia. 1203 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>