Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two groups, 16 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients (group I) and 22 alcoholic hepatitis patients (group II) classified according to the presence or absence of drinking and their histological characteristics, were compared on the basis of clinical, biochemical, and liver biopsy findings. The frequencies of female patients (p less than 0.01), obesity (p less than 0.001), and maturity-onset diabetes (p less than 0.005) were significantly greater in group I than in group II. The serum glutamic pyruvic transminase (p less than 0.05) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (p less than 0.05) contents were significantly greater in group II than in group I. The cholinesterase content (p less than 0.05) was significantly less in group II. Significant differences were found in the grades of nuclear vacuolation (p less than 0.001, Fisher's exact probability test), periportal pericellular fibrosis, proliferation of bile ductules, and changes in the shape of the portal tracts (p less than 0.001, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). Zonal necrosis in group I was seen in only severe steatohepatitis. These clinical and biochemical findings were found to be useful in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic hepatitis. Liver biopsy was of limited value at best in separating the two conditions.
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PMID:Comparison between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis. 360 26

The autonomic innervation of the seminal vesicle from 8 and 16 week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and age-matched controls was studied by pharmacological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Contractions in response to electrical field stimulation, which were abolished using prazosin (2 microM) or tetrodotoxin (one to 1.6 microM), and to noradrenaline were significantly increased in both eight and 16 week diabetic animals. The contractile response to acetylcholine was significantly increased in the 16 week diabetic rats only, when compared with controls. Although these responses were significantly increased, no difference was found in ED50 and EF50 values between control and diabetic rats. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (0.3 microM) had no effect on resting tension or nerve-mediated responses. In seminal vesicles from control animals, both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-containing nerves were localised around the folds of the columnar epithelium of secretory cells, in contrast to neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and catecholamine-containing nerves which were found in the smooth muscle layers. In seminal vesicles from both eight and 16 week diabetic animals no difference was seen in distribution or density of acetylcholinesterase-containing nerves; there was an increase in density and fluorescence intensity of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves and a decrease in catecholamine-containing nerves compared with controls. The results are discussed in relation to autonomic neuropathy in diabetes.
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PMID:The seminal vesicle in eight and 16 week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervation. 366 88

Acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferases and cholinesterases occur in cornea, iris-ciliary body complex and retina of several vertebrates. In cornea, ACh may serve as a sensory transmitter as well as a local hormone, the function of which is not delineated. The function of ACh as the parasympathetic neurotransmitter at the iris and ciliary body is well established. The muscarinic receptors on the iris smooth muscle are similar to the muscarinic receptors (M2 type in two way classification) at other smooth muscles towards their interaction with agonists and antagonists. Binding studies using radiolabeled antagonists and their displacement by agonists indicate that muscarinic receptors in membranes of iris-ciliary body complex are heterogeneous indicating more than one subtype of muscarinic receptors. A subtype other than M2 receptors may occur at the presynaptic sites of parasympathetic nerves, which have yet to be investigated using specific agonists and antagonists. Cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, differ quantitatively and qualitatively in retinas of different species. However, amacrine cells are cholinergic in all vertebrate species. Although they make up 1% of retinal neurons, they influence the activity of a majority of ganglion cells. Cholinergic effects in ganglia are mediated through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Both of these types of cholinergic receptors are heterogeneous. They have yet to be investigated for their subtypes using specific agonists and antagonists. Although the role of cholinergic retinal neurons in the processing of visual information is not known, their input to ganglion cells generally increases the rate of spontaneous activity or the number of action potentials in light-evoked responses. Thus, the cholinergic input seems to modify the overall neuronal input to the ganglion cells from the receptive fields. Endothelial cells of blood vessels contain muscarinic receptors, which are activated by ACh to cause relaxation. Although retinal blood vessels provide recognizable characteristic signs in diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disease, no information is available on the muscarinic receptors of these vessels.
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PMID:Cholinergic systems and multiple cholinergic receptors in ocular tissues. 391 49

A family with hypercholinesterasemia with isoenzymic alteration is reported. The propositus, a 55-year-old woman, was admitted to our hospital because of diabetes mellitus. Because her cholinesterase activity (delta pH 3.2) was supranormal, with no other abnormal liver-function test result throughout the hospitalization period, and was independent of her disease state, we investigated whether this condition might be familial. We studied six of her 17 family members in three generations. All six had above-normal serum cholinesterase activity. Gradient gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide showed that the normal control individuals had seven isoenzymes, but all the family members with hypercholinesterasemia had two additional isoenzymes. The enzymic properties of the affected members were similar to those of the normal individuals. Hypercholinesterasemia in this family seems to be the result of an increased number of enzyme molecules, but how this isoenzymic alteration emerged remains obscure.
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PMID:Hypercholinesterasemia with isoenzymic alteration in a family. 406 89

A follow-up study was conducted with 50 healthy parous volunteer women in India to ascertain the effect of a long-acting progestogen contraceptive on serum enzymes and hepatic function. The women received an intramuscular injection of a long-acting contraceptive, DMPA (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate), in a dose of 150 mg every 3 months for 2 years. Women with a past history of jaundice, diabetes, hypertension, or eclampsia were excluded from the study. The activity of SGOT, SGPT, and AP (alkaline phosphatase) did not show any change during the longterm treatment. This result would indicate normal hepatic function and the absence of any damage or injury to the liver cells. Activity of serum ACP (acid phosphatase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) in red cells did show significant increase, which continued up to the end of the study. Results of the study indicate that DMPA is a suitable contraceptive for use in India, particularly since it does not cause the common side effects associated with oral contraceptives and does not affect liver function.
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PMID:Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception on human serum enzymes. 611 6

The adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the bladder was studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The presence of hypertrophy and distension in the 'diabetic' bladders necessitates care in assessing changes occurring in the nerves, factors which are also relevant to clinical histochemical studies. Biochemical assays of cholinergic enzymes revealed decreased activities per g wet weight tissue. However, the total activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase per whole bladder were significantly increased after 2 weeks of diabetes with greater changes by 8 weeks. Total dopamine levels per bladder were significantly higher than in control rats in the 2-week but not the 8-week group of animals; this may indicate an initial increase in adrenergic nerve activity. There was no impairment in the ability of the detrusor muscle to respond to noradrenaline, acetylcholine or to cholinergic nerve stimulation. Shortly after induction of diabetes streptozotocin-treated rats display polyuria. It is proposed that the activity of the bladder is therefore stimulated to allow greater volumes of urine to be passed. The results are discussed in relation to human diabetes mellitus where clinical studies have implicated a neuropathic origin to bladder dysfunction.
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PMID:Rat bladder in the early stages of streptozotocin-induced diabetes: adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. 623 Dec 6

The regular occurrence of autonomic neuropathy, colonic dilatation, and loss of fecal consistency was investigated in streptozotocin-diabetic, age-matched control, and pancreatic-islet--transplanted rats using ultrastructural, histochemical, and biochemical methods. Degenerating unmyelinated axons were observed by electron microscopy in the colonic submucosa and muscularis, ileal mesentery, and splenic pedicle in 5--7 months diabetic animals; similar changes were not found in control rats or animals subjected to islet transplantation three weeks after induction of diabetes and sacrificed 4--6 months later (colon only). Regenerative changes, including axons with identifiable growth cones, were demonstrated in the mesenteric nerves of chronically diabetic animals. Formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence and cholinesterase histochemistry suggested deficiencies in colonic adrenergic and cholinergic innervation; histochemical findings in islet-transplanted animals were comparable to those of untreated control animals. Biochemical measurements of the adrenergic and cholinergic nervous system marker enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase, respectively, in colon and spleen confirm a deficit in adrenergic (colon and spleen) and cholinergic (colon) innervation in chronically diabetic animals.
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PMID:Experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy. 645 33

In order to assess the thyroid function of patients with nonthyroidal illness, 292 patients with nonthyroidal illness were employed in the present study. These patients were then subdivided into 6 groups according to their original illness. The groups consisted of patients with malignant illnesses (19 males and 10 females; mean age of 59.7 yr.), with chronic hepatitis (14 males and 8 females; mean age of 55.2 yr.), with liver cirrhosis (5 males and 6 females, mean age of 60.4 yr.), with uremia who had been receiving constant hemodialysis 2 approximately 3 times per week (52 males and 38 females; mean age of 48.1 yr.), with diabetes mellitus (50 males and 43 females; mean age of 52.3 yr.) and with cerebrovascular accident (21 males and 26 females; mean age of 74.9 yr.). In addition, 34 healthy persons (15 males and 19 females; mean age of 41.6 yr.) were also employed as controls. Because the differences between mean ages in these groups were significant, the relationship between age and thyroid function was examined. Significant positive correlations between age and total thyroxine (TT4) (r = 0.19; p less than 0.01), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) (r = 0.175; p less than 0.01) were found. A negative correlation was also found between age and total triiodothyronine (TT3) (r = 0.231; p less than 0.01). The serum levels of rT3 were elevated in patients with neoplasma and liver cirrhosis but significantly low in patients with uremia. These characteristic findings were correlated with the severity of each original disease such as % motarity, serum levels of cholinesterase, blood urea nitrogens and the blood sugar control in the diabetics. In these circumstances, multiple correlation analyses were performed in order to assess whether there might exist a negative feedback mechanism between thyrotropin and FT4/FT3. The highest partial correlation coefficient was obtained between thyrotropin and FT4. It might, therefore, be concluded that in patients with a nonthyroidal illness, decreased levels of serum thyroid hormones indicate not only the severity of the illness but also the supposed presence of a hypothyroid state.
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PMID:[Thyroid functions in nonthyroidal illness: specific changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones related in illness and the correlation between thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones in patients with nonthyroidal illnesses]. 647 79

Adrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic nerves were studied in the myenteric plexus of ileum and colon from streptozotocin-treated rats, an animal model of juvenile-onset diabetes. In view of clinical reports implicating diabetic autonomic neuropathy as the cause of gastrointestinal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus, neurochemical and histochemical techniques were used to study changes in the innervation of the gut. In the myenteric plexus of the ileum from diabetic animals, adrenergic nerves displayed signs of degeneration and the brightness of fluorescence in serotoninlike immunoreactive nerves was lower. Cholinergic nerves, however, did not display any signs of reduction in the ileum, and both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities per centimeter were increased. In contrast, in the proximal colon 8 wk after induction of diabetes, neurochemical assays revealed significant increases in noradrenaline and serotonin levels as well as choline acetyltransferase activity, although no obvious changes in the pattern of innervation could be detected histochemically. The results indicate that changes do occur in the innervation of the gut of the streptozotocin-diabetic model shortly after the induction of diabetes, although they differ significantly in the ileum and colon; these may be of relevance to the types of gastrointestinal dysfunction displayed in human diabetes.
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PMID:Myenteric plexus in streptozotocin-treated rats. Neurochemical and histochemical evidence for diabetic neuropathy in the gut. 669 66

The fractions of lipoproteids, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and their isoenzymes as well as the fructoso-1-phosphate aldolase (F-1-PhA) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity were studied in 220 patients with diabetes mellitus, of which 156 had diabetes mellitus combined with ischemic heart disease (IHD). It was shown that the level of atherogenic lipoproteids is augmented in all the forms of diabetes mellitus and its latent stage, their highest content being seen in the disease, aggravated by IHD. An elevated level of pre-beta-lipoproteid atherogenic fraction was more common in diabetics with IHD. An increased F-1PhA and LDH5 activity was observed in all the patients examined, whereas in severe diabetes mellitus a decrease in the ChE activity was seen. The composed table of changes in the enzyme activity and atherogenic lipoproteid levels in diabetes mellitus combined with IHD, significantly differing from those of the diabetics without IHD, can be used for early IHD diagnosing in diabetes mellitus patients.
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PMID:[Diagnostic coefficients of ischemic heart disease in diabetes mellitus]. 688 7


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