Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study conducted on 228 diabetic patients has shown a significant positive association between serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and triglyceride levels. Both fall with treatment, the most marked reduction occurring in patients on insulin. We suggest that the association between serum GGT and triglyceride levels and also the higher incidence of raised GGT and triglyceride levels in new diabetics may reflect hepatic microsomal enzyme induction of the rate-limiting enzymes of triglyceride synthesis. Serum GGT does not seem to correlate with hepatomegaly in diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:The association between serum triglycerides and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in diabetes mellitus. 0 20

A field-trial on Etofibrat was performed on 4405 patients suffering from primary and secondary hyperlipoproteinemia. The results were proved statistically. After a 3 to 4 weeks treatment the concentration of cholesterol as well as tryglicerides in the serum decreased significantly. After 6 to 8 weeks treatment the lipid-lowering effect was even stronger. Nearly 90% of the patients investigated gave a positive response to the treatment. Part of the population had undergone a treatment with other lipid-lowering agents before-most likely without sufficient success-in these cases a further lipid-lowering effect due to Etofibrat could be shown. Under-dosage in premedication cannot be excluded. The stratification of the patients in different groups of diagnosis showed a nearly similarity of both blood lipids independent of the diagnosis. This could also be confirmed for the group of patients suffering from diabetes. To prove the lipid-lowering efficacy of Etofibrat a population was withdrawn from treatment. Cholesterol as well as tryglicerides increased significantly during the interval without treatment. During a long-term study both lipid fractions could be kept down without increasing of the daily Etofibrat dose. The tolerance of Etofibrat was stated to be good up to very good. Objectively the measured enzymes SGOT, SGPT and gamma-GT showed a decrease of the means. Subjectively the occurrence of an often intermediate heat sensation and/or rubedo was of relevance. The low daily dose compared with other lipid-lowering agents gives indication for a better pharmacocinetic behaviour of the drug;
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PMID:[Field study on the decrease of lipids using etofibrate]. 0 62

Glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities of brain and liver homogenates of rats suffering from alloxan diabetes were determined in the soluble fraction (fraction 1) and in that obtained after treatment with 0.2 percent deoxycholate (fraction 2). The results obtained indicate that the activities of these enzymes in homogenates of brain and liver of diabetic animals does not differ from that of normal animals. gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity of brain is significantly reduced (about 5 fold) in the soluble fraction while glutamine synthetase activity is not much changed. The activities of glutamine-synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase of the 2-nd fraction obtained from rat brain and liver are very much higher than in the first fraction and are not considerably different from the activities observed in normal animals. In contrast to brain, glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities of liver of diabetic animals do not differ from the activities observed in normal animals, both in the homogenates and in the 1-st and 2-nd fractions.
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PMID:[Rat brain and liver glutamine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in alloxan diabetes (IV)]. 2 8

The enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is widely distributed throughout the body, notably kidney, seminal vesicles, pancreas, liver, spleen and brain. Being one of the enzymes of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, it is involved in aminoacid transport, catalysing a transpeptidation reaction between gamma-glutamyl peptides and most common amino acids. Methods of assay of the enzyme are based on its ability also to act on synthetic amides of glutamic acid; kinetic methods monitoring the release of p-nitroaniline from the substrate L-gamma-glutamyl p-nitroanilide are the most satisfactory. In diseases of the liver, the highest levels occur in association with cirrhosis, alcoholism, hepatic secondaries and cholestasis. As the enzyme is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte, its activity is increased in situations leading to microsomal enzyme induction. Raised levels can also occur in pancreatitis, diabetes, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, cerebrovascular accidents, cerebral tumours and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although the lack of specificity must be recognised, the estimation can be useful in the elucidation of some clearly defined problems arising during investigation of patients with suspected hepatic disease, especially where performed as part of a biochemical profile.
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PMID:Role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. 24 76

The authors studied the blood level of tryglycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFA) during glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 30 women with doubtful, and in 36--with diabetic GIT. There proved to be a significant elevation of the FFA level in the blood serum of persons with a doubtful GTT type and a significant elevation of the FFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in persons with diabetic GGT. The FFA levels reduction curve following glucose load in persons with a doubtful and diabetic GTT proved to be more delayed. Disturbances of lipid metabolism and reduction of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity occured as soon as the early stages of diabetes mellitus. This pointed to the necessity of diabetes mellitus treatment at its early stages for the normalization of metabolic disturbances. Determination of blood lipids level can aid detection of early diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Blood lipid level in the initial stages of diabetes mellitus and normal body mass]. 42 83

Free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood FFA levels were studied in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 63 women with adiposity combined with normal and diabetic GTT, and in those suffering from manifest diabetes mellitus during reduction of body weight and normalization of carbohydrate metabolism. It appeared that normalization of body weight and of glycemia on fasting stomach and in the course of the day led to a significant normalization of the FFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels. Normalization of body weight alone with persisting GTT disturbances caused a significant normalization of the triglyceride and cholesterol levels; as to the FFA they remained significantly elevated. GTT normalization with persisting adiposity led to reduction of the triglycerides, cholesterol, and FFA levels, but they still significantly exceeded the parameters in healthy persons. The curve of the FFA reduction following glucose load became normal with the weight and GGT normalization, and remained delayed in cases with no loss of body weight. The data obtained permitted to draw a conclusion on the leading role of the body weight reduction in the normalization of lipid metabolism in these patients.
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PMID:[Blood lipid level in obesity associated with latent and manifest diabetes mellitus]. 46 79

Glucose is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal segment of the renal tubule in two stages. The first stage is uphill transport across the brush border membrane by Na(+)-glucose cotransport and the second stage is downhill transport across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion. Genes for both a renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and a renal facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2) have been cloned and sequenced. To examine whether SGLT1 and GLUT2 colocalize to the same tubular epithelial cells in rat kidney, double-immunoperoxidase studies with dual chromogens and paraformaldehyde perfusion-fixed frozen sections of rat kidney were performed. Antipeptide antisera were prepared against rat GLUT2 (amino acids 510-522) and rabbit SGLT1 (amino acids 402-420). Proximal tubules were identified immunocytochemically with an antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 21 amino acids at the COOH-terminal of the heavy chain of rat gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which is a proximal tubule-specific enzyme. The anti-GLUT2 antiserum strongly stained the basolateral membrane of 46% of cortical tubules, whereas the SGLT1 antiserum stained the brush border of 56% of the cortical tubules. The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase antiserum also stained the brush border of 51% of the cortical tubules. GLUT2 and SGLT1 colocalized to 40% of cortical epithelium, but 16% of cortical epithelial cells were immunopositive for brush border SGLT1 and immunonegative for basolateral GLUT2. These gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase staining results suggest that at least 50% of the tubules in the cortex are proximal tubules and that SGLT1 and GLUT2 colocalize to most proximal tubules. The fact that SGLT1 antiserum immunoreacted with tubules unreactive to the GLUT2 antiserum suggests that either the SGLT1 epitope is conserved on a related brush border protein or that there is another GLUT transporter responsible for the exit of sugar from these proximal tubule cells.
Diabetes 1992 Jun
PMID:Colocalization of GLUT2 glucose transporter, sodium/glucose cotransporter, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in rat kidney with double-peroxidase immunocytochemistry. 135 Feb 59

Glutathione is important in the regulation of the redox state, and a decline in its tissue level has often been considered to be indicative of increased oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study of diabetic rats, the level of hepatic glutathione was normal unless food intake was restricted. Thus, the previous report of a reduction in hepatic glutathione in diabetes is likely to be the result of food deprivation rather than diabetes alone. In contrast to changes characteristic of oxidative stress, the efflux of glutathione in bile from diabetic animals was significantly decreased, whereas hepatic mixed disulfides were unchanged, and the hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was considerably increased. These changes were not reproduced by food deprivation. The decrease in biliary excretion of glutathione in diabetes may reflect an attempt to conserve glutathione by activation of the hepatic gamma-glutamyl cycle. We conclude that the disturbances of glutathione metabolism in diabetes are not typical of those seen in oxidative stress or food restriction.
Diabetes 1991 Mar
PMID:Changes in hepatic glutathione metabolism in diabetes. 167 44

To clarify the possible role of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the evolution of renal hemodynamic alteration in diabetes, we investigated the change of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, a key enzyme of RAS, in the kidneys obtained from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Tissue ACE activity was significantly reduced in both outer cortex (0.29 +/- 0.04, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and inner cortex with outer medulla (2.43 +/- 0.28, n = 6) of the kidneys from diabetic rats 2 weeks after induction of diabetes compared with those from control rats (0.47 +/- 0.05, n = 7, in outer cortex; 3.68 +/- 0.32, n = 7, in inner cortex with outer medulla). ACE activities in the lung and aorta of diabetic rats were not different from those of control rats. ACE activities in the serum and urine were significantly elevated in diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin to achieve near euglycemia completely prevented these alterations in ACE activity, except that, in the urine, the elevation of ACE was partially corrected with insulin. In contrast to ACE activity, activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (a lysosomal enzyme of the tubule) and r-glutamyl transpeptidase (a brush border enzyme) in the kidney were not reduced in diabetic rats, whereas in the urine both enzyme activities were significantly elevated in diabetic rats. It is likely, therefore, that the reduction of ACE activity in the kidneys of diabetic rats may reflect the impairment of vascular endothelial cells in the kidney, rather than tubular damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Reduced activity of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 168 36

The effectiveness and tolerance of the new sulphonyl urea antidiabetic gliquidone (commercial name Glurenorm) was tested by three-month administration of this preparation in a group of 39 type 2 diabetics. Gliquidone proved a medium-strength beta-cytotropic antidiabetic preparation. As to side-effects, the authors noted only dyspepsia in one patient (2.5%). Symptomatic hypoglycaemia did not develop in any of the patients. In the subgroup of six patients with diabetic nephropathy the indicators of renal functions did not deteriorate. In a sub-group of 6 patients with concurrent hepatopathy the originally elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity receded. The authors confirmed thus the good tolerance of gliquidone in diabetes associated with nephropathy and diabetes with hepatopathy.
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PMID:[Multicenter study with gliquidone in type 2 diabetes mellitus]. 177 8


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