Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuronal nitric oxide is a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system and plays a role in a variety of enteropathies including Crohn's and Chagas' diseases, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, atrophy and hypertrophy. The content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the colon and the caecum from pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum was studied using immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for nNOS and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase), respectively. In the infected pigs, lightly, moderately and less severely inflamed tissues showed increased nNOS and NADPH-diaphorase activities in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the enteric plexuses compared to control pigs. There was a significant increase in the nerve cell body density of nNOS immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the inner submucous plexus, outer submucous plexus and in the myenteric plexus. More intensely stained nerve cell bodies and varicosities were observed in tissue from prenatally infected and prenatally infected, postnatally re-infected pigs compared to postnatally infected pigs. However, the latter showed the highest numerical density of nNOS immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Marked increases were seen in the inner submucous plexus followed by myenteric plexus, inner circular muscle, outer submucous plexus and mucous plexus. However, in very severe inflamed tissues, the number and staining intensity of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibre varicosities were reduced in plexuses located in the lesions with the inner submucous and mucous plexuses being the most affected. There was no staining in the nervous tissue within the eosinophilic cell abscesses and productive granulomas. The apparent alterations in the activities of enzymes responsible for the generation of nitric oxide (NO) show possible alterations in the NO mediated non-adrenergic non-cholinergic reflexes in the enteric nervous tissue. These alterations might contribute to impaired intestinal motility and absorption, and other pathophysiological conditions seen during S. japonicum infections.
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PMID:Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity is increased during granulomatous inflammation in the colon and caecum of pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum. 1217 Dec 50

The effects of acute diabetes on the density and size of the myenteric neurons of the proximal colon of adult rats were investigated. The injection of streptozotocin was followed by a period of observation of seven days, during which the diabetic animals showed weight loss, excessive food and water intake, large urinary debt and hyperglicemia. The whole-mounts from the proximal colon were stained with the techniques of Giemsa and of the NADH-diaphorase, and the employment of these techniques made it possible to verify a decrease on the neuronal density and on the cell body size of the myenteric neurons in the colon of the diabetic rats. These observations were discussed in terms of the pathophysiology of the diabetes and the experimental protocol.
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PMID:Morphoquantitative effects of acute diabetes on the myenteric neurons of the proximal colon of adult rats. 1224 95

Folium mori, the leaves of Morus alba L., has traditionally been used for the treatment of diabetic hyperglycemia. It has been shown to induce enhanced NOS expression in the hypothalamus of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In the present study, the effect of Folium mori on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the hypothalamus of STZ-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Enhanced NAPDH-d expression was detected in the paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area of the hypothalamus in the STZ-induced diabetes group. Administration of the aqueous extract of Folium mori to rats with STZ-induced diabetes resulted in decreased NADPH-d positivity. These results suggest that Folium mori treatment is effective in curbing the desire for food under diabetic conditions via modulation of NO expression in the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Administration of Folium mori extract decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hypothalamus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1241 90

New Zealand white rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle strips (n=6) were mounted in organ baths. Relaxations to nitric oxide (10(-7)-10(-4) mol/l) were measured and the same procedure was repeated on strips from rabbits 6 months after alloxan-induced diabetes (n=6). Transverse cavernosal sections were obtained from the same penises. Low and high resolution autoradiographs were prepared using [(3)H]-L-N(G)-nitroarginine (an index of nitric oxide binding sites) and analysed densitometrically. Histochemical analysis was performed on adjacent sections using NADPH diaphorase (an index of nitric oxide synthase activity). Nitric oxide relaxed control rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle strips in a concentration-dependent manner. Diabetic rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle strips were significantly (P<0.03) more sensitive to nitric oxide (mean IC(50)=3.9 x 10(-6) mol/l). Nitric oxide synthase binding sites were localised to the cavernosal endothelium and smooth muscle. Nitric oxide synthase activity was increased in 6 month diabetic cavernosal smooth muscle. These findings suggest impairments in the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetic erectile dysfunction.
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PMID:Enhanced relaxation of diabetic rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle in response to nitric oxide: potential relevance to erectile dysfunction. 1249 90

Acupuncture has been used as a clinical treatment in Oriental medicine for various diseases including diabetes mellitus, one of the most common metabolic disorders in humans. In the present study, the effect of acupuncture on the expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (DL-PAG) area of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes was investigated via nNOS immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry. Enhanced expression of nNOS and NOS was detected in the DL-PAG of rats with STZ-induced diabetes, and acupunctural treatment at Zusanli acupoint suppressed the diabetes-induced enhancement in the expression of nNOS and NOS. The present results demonstrate that acupuncture is effective in the modulation of the expression of nNOS and NOS in the DL-PAG under diabetic conditions.
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PMID:Acupuncture decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in periaqueductal gray area of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 1253 47

We investigated the effect of the ascorbic acid on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-stained and myosin-V myenteric neurons in the ileum of chronically diabetic rats. The study was performed 4 months after inducing experimental diabetes with streptozotocin. Diabetic rats showed increased (p<0.05) glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin. Three groups were compared, i.e., nondiabetic rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid. Myosin-V immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry were employed. We investigated the areas of 500 cell bodies of myosin-V neurons and of 500 NADPH-d-stained neurons from all groups. The quantitative analysis was performed by using an area of 8.96 mm(2) from each ileum. The two groups of diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid showed reduction in the number and an increased area of the myosin-V-immunostained myenteric neurons. In addition, we observed increased relative proportion of NADPH-d-stained neurons in diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid. However, the area of these neurons in the diabetic rats group was larger than those evidenced in the nondiabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid.
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PMID:Evaluation of the population of NADPH-diaphorase-stained and myosin-V myenteric neurons in the ileum of chronically streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid. 1255 1

Diabetes mellitus often leads to generalized vasculopathy. Because of the pathophysiological role of free radicals we investigated the effects of vitamin E. Twenty-eight rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection and were fed either with a diet with low (10 mg/kg of chow), medium (75 mg/kg of chow) or high amounts of vitamin E (1300 mg/kg of chow). Nine age-matched nondiabetic rats receiving 75 mg of vitamin E/kg chow served as controls. After 7 months, mesenteric microcirculation was investigated. Smooth muscle contractile function was not altered in diabetic versus nondiabetic vessels. Endothelial function was significantly reduced in diabetics; relaxation upon 1 micro M acetylcholine was reduced by 50% in diabetics with a medium and high vitamin E diet. In vitamin E-deprived rats, a complete loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation was observed, and instead, acetylcholine elicited vasoconstriction. L-N(G)-Nitro-arginine-induced vasoconstriction was reduced in small arteries in diabetics, which was not prevented by vitamin E, but was aggravated by vitamin E deprivation. In a subchronic endothelial cell culture model, cells were cultivated with 5 or 20 mM D-glucose for an entire cell culture passage (4 days) with or without vitamin E (20 mg/l versus 0.01 mg/l). Hyperglycemia led to significant reduction in basal and ATP-stimulated nitric oxide (NO)-production. Hyperglycemia-induced reduction in basal NO-release was significantly prevented by vitamin E, whereas reduction in stimulated NO-release was not influenced. NADPH-diaphorase activity was reduced by 40% by hyperglycemia, which was completely prevented by vitamin E. We conclude that 1) vitamin E has a potential to prevent partially hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, 2) under in vivo conditions vitamin E deficiency enhanced diabetic endothelial dysfunction dramatically, and 3) positive effects of vitamin E may be attenuated with a longer disease duration.
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PMID:Effect of chronic treatment with vitamin E on endothelial dysfunction in a type I in vivo diabetes mellitus model and in vitro. 1264 59

Coronary and valvular heart disease during diabetes mellitus (DM) are major contributors of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Relatively little atention has been given to the study of heart valve nerve structures in different pathological processes. In this study we have demonstrated the presence of possible morphological alterations in vessels of the anterior cusp of the rat mitral valve during 8-12 weeks DM. A histochemical method was used for the detection of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), which is the indirect NO-synthase marker. Arterioles and fine capillaries were localized in the attachment zone of the anterior cusp. Perivascular nerve fibres were identified running in the tunica adventitia. A marked dilatation of the vessels was seen in diabetes in comparison with control samples. No NADPH-d positive nerve fibres were observed in the tunica adventitia. It can be presumed that metabolic changes in the vessel walls during DM reflect modified neurotransmission of NO by means of their excessive overproduction of NOS (endothelial--eNOS) in endothelial cells. (Fig. 6, Ref. 32.).
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PMID:Alterations of the vessel wall innervation during diabetes mellitus. 1269 74

In the present study, the effect of acupuncture at Zusanli acupoint on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Animals were divided into four groups: the control group, the nondiabetic and acupunctured group, the STZ-induced diabetes group, and the STZ-induced diabetes and acupunctured group. From the results, NADPH-d-positive neurons in the hippocampus were decreased in STZ-induced diabetic rats, while acupuncture increased NOS expression significantly under diabetic conditions. In the present study, it can be suggested that acupuncture treatment may modulate NOS activity in the hippocampus under diabetic conditions.
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PMID:Acupuncture increases nitric oxide synthase expression in hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1285 69

Effect of acupuncture on the expressions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in the cerebral cortex of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Animals were divided into four groups; the control group, the nondiabetic and acupunctured group, the STZ-induced-diabetes group, and the STZ-induced diabetic and acupunctured group. To produce the diabetic animal model, a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) was given to each animal; animals of the nondiabetic groups received equivalent amounts of normal saline, also via intraperitoneal injection. From the results, acupuncture was shown to increase the numbers of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive and nNOS-positive neurons in STZ-induced diabetic rats. From the present study, it may be suggested that acupuncture modulates NOS and nNOS expressions in the cerebral cortex under diabetic conditions.
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PMID:Effect of acupuncture on nitric oxide synthase expression in cerebral cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1293 55


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