Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

DP (dipeptidyl peptidase) IV is the archetypal member of its six-member gene family. Four members of this family, DPIV, FAP (fibroblast activation protein), DP8 and DP9, have a rare substrate specificity, hydrolysis of a prolyl bond two residues from the N-terminus. The ubiquitous DPIV glycoprotein has proved interesting in the fields of immunology, endocrinology, haematology and endothelial cell and cancer biology and DPIV has become a novel target for Type II diabetes therapy. The crystal structure shows that the soluble form of DPIV comprises two domains, an alpha/beta-hydrolase domain and an eight-blade beta-propeller domain. The propeller domain contains the ADA (adenosine deaminase) binding site, a dimerization site, antibody epitopes and two openings for substrate access to the internal active site. FAP is structurally very similar to DPIV, but FAP protein expression is largely confined to diseased and damaged tissue, notably the tissue remodelling interface in chronically injured liver. DPIV has a variety of peptide substrates, the best studied being GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), NPY (neuropeptide Y) and CXCL12. The DPIV family has roles in bone marrow mobilization. The functional interactions of DPIV and FAP with extracellular matrix confer roles for these proteins in cancer biology. DP8 and DP9 are widely distributed and indirectly implicated in immune function. The DPL (DP-like) glycoproteins that lack peptidase activity, DPL1 and DPL2, are brain-expressed potassium channel modulators. Thus the six members of the DPIV gene family exhibit diverse biological roles.
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PMID:Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related enzymes in cell biology and liver disorders. 1558 1

This study compared an activation intervention to passive education in a randomized attention-control trial of 232 patients with type 2 diabetes. The activation intervention was based on Expanding Patient Involvement in Care (EPIC) trials, and was compared to time-matched passive education viewing of ADA video-tapes. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics of their diabetes were assessed with questionnaires, active involvement was assessed via ratings of taped interactions between patients and providers, and serum samples were analyzed for HbA1c. Patients in the activation condition were rated as more actively involved in discussions of diabetes self-management, and rated active involvement was predictive of improvement in glycemic control. No effect of the activation intervention was found on HbA1c. Thus, the activation intervention increased the active involvement of patients with type 2 diabetes in visits with practitioners, and active involvement led to improved glycemic control. However, the activation intervention did not improve glycemic control directly.
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PMID:Promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management: evaluating a patient activation intervention. 1559 Feb 20

In order to determine whether the variations in the calpain-10 gene constitutes risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Chinese, the frequency of UCSNP-43, 44 in 268 adults newly diagnosed with T2DM (according to the 1999 ADA criteria) and 153 non-diabetic control subjects was investigated. For all subjects, the height, weight, waist-to-hip ratio (W/H) and blood pressure, as well as following parameters were measured: (1) 75-g oral glucose tolerance test with insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c and blood lipid profiles; (2) Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes was genotyped for UCSNP-43 (calpain-10-g. 4852 G/A) and UCSNP-44 (calpain-10-g. 4841 T/C) by sequencing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified fragment. PCR product was selected by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and then sequenced. The results showed that there was significant difference between T2DM group and normal control group in allele frequencies, haplotype frequencies, or haplotype combinations of UCSNP-43 and -44 either. But in newly diagnosed T2DM group, it was found that the individuals with the genotype UCSNP-44 T/C + C/C had significantly increased fasting and post-challenge insulin levels (Fins and P2hIns), consistent with reduced insulin sensitivity. In the BMI> 25 subgroup, the differences were even more significant. It was demonstrated that the Calpain-10 gene polymorphism UCSNP-44 was associated with insulin sensitivity and Fins and P2hIns in newly diagnosed T2DM, although Calpain-10 doesn't appear as a major diabetes susceptible gene in this population.
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PMID:Relationship between calpain-10 gene polymorphism and insulin resistance phenotypes in Chinese. 1564 90

A rising prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose/glycaemia (IFG) was recently reported in the urban areas of Nepal by Singh and Bhattarai [D.L. Singh, M.D. Bhattarai, High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia in urban Nepal, Diabet. Med. 20 (2003) 170-171] in the first population-based study based on the revised diagnostic criteria of ADA-1997 and WHO-1998. In comparison with our community-based survey done in 1990 in suburban and rural areas of Nepal, the current data show a surprisingly rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the Nepalese population. In our 1990 study, diabetes and IFG, respectively, were present in 1.4 and 2.5% of people > or =20 years old in suburban village (Bhadrakali) compared with 0.3 and 0.7% in a rural village (Kotyang). In a short communication, Singh and Bhattarai found the rates to be 14.6 and 9.1% in urban areas, and 2.5 and 1.3% in rural areas. This phenomena appears to have been influenced more by rapid urbanization and changes in lifestyles after the ongoing democratic movements that have taken place since 1990 in Nepal. Moreover, our new analysis of the data provide baseline features for the planning of health care policy and establishment of medical priorities in modern day Nepal.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005 Feb
PMID:The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose/glycaemia (IFG) in suburban and rural Nepal-the communities--based cross-sectional study during the democratic movements in 1990. 1564 77

This study examined diabetes-related health disparities in a Latino population in terms of prevalence of the disease, and the extent to which practice-based interventions improve health care and health for the Latinos who have diabetes. Previous research has shown that Latinos, overall, are at greater risk for diabetes, but less is known for those of Puerto Rican and Dominican origin. Two interventions were implemented in a large primary care practice: an ADA-recognized Diabetes Self Management Education program, and clinical information feedback loops to providers regarding adherence to the Massachusetts Guidelines for the Care of Diabetes. The study identified the prevalence of diabetes to be 13.7% among Puerto Ricans, and 9.1% among Dominicans, rates 2-to-3 times that for the general population. Latino patients (N=567) who participated in a Diabetes Self Management Education Program maintained lower Hb A1c values than did a comparison group (N=432). For a random sample of Latinos with diabetes (N=98) in this study, 6 measures of health care improved significantly from 2001 to 2003. Areas of improvement among healthcare providers were: ordering a microalbumin level measurement when appropriate, prescribing ACE inhibitors as needed, providing pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, reviewing activity status and exercise, identifying smoking status, and prescribing lipid-lowering agents, as appropriate. Body mass index (BMI) for the 98 patients remained the same for both measurement periods at 32.8. Although this initial study spanned only 2 years, improvements in health care and health indices for the population are encouraging. Further study is underway to expand on these gains.
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PMID:Practice-based interventions to improve health care for Latinos with diabetes. 1568 80

Findings obtained from numerous prospective cohort and case-control studies on alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk have been inconsistent, with many confounding variables present in various investigations. However, heavy alcohol consumption has been known to be a major cause of chronic pancreatitis and a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, both of which are linked to pancreatic cancer. It has been established that an extensive normal interaction exists between the exocrine and endocrine pancreas, as well as in inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis. Alcohol and its metabolites (acetaldehyde and fatty acid ethyl esters) can alter metabolic pathways involved in the inflammatory response and carcinogenesis, and they are mediated by one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) premature activation of zymogens; (2) induction of the inflammatory response through activation of nuclear transcription factors, including nuclear factor-kappa and activation protein 1; (3) increased production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative DNA damage and altered effect of dietary antioxidants; (4) activation of pancreatic stellate cells, which leads to fibrosis; (5) gene mutation in enzymes related to cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, cationic trypsinogen, and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor; (6) synergistic effects of ethanol and tobacco carcinogen on NNK [nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] metabolism; and (7) dysregulation of proliferation and apoptosis. These various metabolic effects of alcohol can lead to or interact with other risk factors (genetic, dietary, environmental, and lifestyle factors) that result in acute and chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus and, ultimately, affect the multistep process of carcinogenesis toward the development of pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:Alcohol and pancreatic cancer. 1605 82

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence of total, known and unknown diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in the population of Murcia (SE Spain), a Mediterranean area with a high prevalence of obesity. Therefore, 2562 subjects (>or=20 years) were selected by stratified random sampling and a survey was carried out by telephone, together with a physical examination and biochemical determinations. The ADA-1997 diagnostic criteria were used. The crude prevalence of total diabetes was 11% (9.5-12.6%), known diabetes 7.8% (6.5-9.2%), unknown diabetes 3.2% (2.4-4.2%) and IFG 4.9% (3.9-6.1%). Both total diabetes and IFG were higher in men than in women, with prevalence rates increasing with age. People with diabetes and IFG had higher BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride values than the rest of the population. No difference in the prevalence of diabetes was observed between the rural and urban populations. The prevalence of diabetes in Murcia is high compared to the rest of Spain and the world, suggesting that the possible benefits attributed to some characteristics of the diet of this Mediterranean population are not sufficient to counteract the risk factors associated with the disease.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006 Feb
PMID:Prevalence of diabetes in Murcia (Spain): a Mediterranean area characterised by obesity. 1610 90

The objective of the study was to determine the clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at a Jamaican tertiary care hospital. In a retrospective study of 1560 admissions for diabetes during the period 1998-2002, 980 dockets were reviewed and 164 individuals met the ADA diagnostic criteria for DKA or HHS. Patients with HHS were older than DKA patients (64.5 years [95% CI: 60.7-68.4] versus 35.9 years [95% CI: 30.2-41.6]), but were not more likely to be non-compliant with medications, infected, or male. Overall, 24% had a mixed DKA/HHS syndrome. Most DKA patients had type 2 diabetes (62%). Only 2% of HHS and 6% of DKA/HHS patients had type 1 diabetes. Syndrome specific mortality was: DKA 6.7%, HHS 20.3%, and DKA/HHS 25% (p for trend=0.013). Mortality increased significantly with age, especially in patients > or =50 years. Significant univariate predictors of mortality were altered mental status on admission, co-existing medical disease, increasing age, older age at onset of diabetes, acute stressors, and DKA/HHS. In multivariate models, only altered mental status was significant (OR=3.59; 95% CI: 1.24-10.41). Hence, hyperglycaemic crises in a Jamaican tertiary care hospital are associated with significant mortality especially in patients who are older or with altered mental status.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006 Aug
PMID:Predictors of hyperglycaemic crises and their associated mortality in Jamaica. 1645 89

Patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have been designated by American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2004) as having 'prediabetes', which indicates the higher risk of developing the disease in these patients. Prediabetes is important to recognise because of at least 2 major implications: increased risk for future diabetes and for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacotherapy in prediabetes should therefore be directed at preventing or, at least, delaying the onset of the disease as well as reducing the morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic complications. Several drugs having different mechanisms of action, such as metformin, glitazones, acarbose, orlistat, nateglinide, glicazide, angiotensin-converting enzymes, angiotensin receptor blockers have been found to be effective in prediabetes to improve the glycaemic status, though they are still not recommended by any professional organisation.
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PMID:Drug therapy in prediabetes. 1657 Jul 65

The nutrition community is divided over de rol of de Glycemic Index (GI) or Glycemic Load (GL) in the dietetic management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and in the prevention of chronic diseases as DM, Obesity, Insulin Resistance (IR), Cardiovascular diseases and Cancer. The concept of GI and GL of food and diet is defined. Methodological problem are analyzed: poor standardization, bad reproducibility and high variability. The factors that determines the food glycemic index and the causes of it variability are analyzed. Recent and qualified clinical and epidemiological evidences about the relation between the GI and GL of food and diet, on the management of DM, and prevention of Obesity, DM, RI, Cardiovascular disease and Cancer, are discussed. Is concluded that there are insufficient evidences of clinical efficacy in the use of this concept for the prevention of Obesity, IR, Cardiovascular diseases and Cancer. In relation to the treatment of DM, ADA states that the most important dietetic tool is the reduction of the total amount of carbohydrates, but accepts that the use of the GI could give additional benefits. Although de GI has the potential to be a valuable clinical tool. For now consumers should focus on eating a diet plant-based, with a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grain and legumes. At the moment we must be caution in making dietary changes based solely in this concept.
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PMID:The glycemic index. A current controversy. 1677 Oct 73


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