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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have developed a miniature glucose sensor using an oxygen electrode with a glucose oxidase membrane. The special character of this sensor is that the electrodes can be placed in a blood vessel and can measure the glucose level directly from the arterial blood stream if placed into an external A-V shunt. Its second notable characteristic is that the enzyme membrane is covered with a semipermeable membrane, which partially allows passage of glucose but only sufficient oxygen. This sensor is able to respond to glucose concentrations of up to 700 mg/dl in blood. This sensor loses 10% of its activity at about 200 h of continuous use, and 30% after 400 h of use. While the sensor cannot be sterilized by conventional mechanical or gas methods, certain antibiotics can be used for sterilization. To shorten the response delay of the sensor during the decreasing phase of glucose concentration, a thinner membrane is under development.
Diabetes Care
PMID:A miniature glucose sensor, implantable in the blood stream. 717 87

Preliminary work is described on the attachment of riboflavin to solid carbon via a coupling group that should provide a pathway for easy electron transfer. Such an approach, when extended to the flavin cofactor portion of glucose oxidase, has the possibility of forming a fuel cell electrode of high specificity for glucose and in which the current would be related to the concentration of glucose.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Possibility for an immobilized flavin fuel cell electrode for glucose measurements. 717 88

Miniature PO2 and pH sensors can be used in combination with enzymatic catalysts such as glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenase as the basis for the development of a small glucose sensor. The applications of microelectronic techniques such as photolithography techniques and thick- and thin-film metallization are novel approaches in fabricating highly uniform and reproducible sensors that are relatively simple to calibrate and operate.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Fabrication of miniature PO2 and pH sensors using microelectronic techniques. 717 96

Isoniazid has been shown by in vitro study to reduce Clinitest tablets. The effect of isoniazid on urine glucose tests was investigated in 30 patients by comparing commonly used glucose oxidase methods to Clinitest. Study results indicate that isoniazid does not cause clinically significant interference with the copper reduction method for urine glucose determination.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Noneffect of isoniazid on urine glucose tests. 740 15

Screening asymptomatic subjects for diabetes is often undertaken using a random capillary whole blood sample for glucose estimation. The test characteristics of this method for screening were assessed using a glucose oxidase method among 3425 Europeans and 3469 South Asians who gave such a sample during the Coventry Diabetes Study, a house-to-house diabetes prevalence study. Glucose tolerance test were performed on those with a high blood glucose and 10% of others. Previously undiagnosed diabetes was found in 73 Europeans and 110 South Asians. If the random glucose was > or = 7.0 mmol l-1, 8.0% of Europeans and 6.7% of South Asians would need a further diagnostic test and the sensitivity of this cut-off was 51.7 (95.0% CI: 43.5-59.9)% in Europeans and 68.4 (60.6-76.2)% in South Asians. Sensitivity was increased in South Asians but not Europeans by defining the time since last meal (South Asians < 2 h: 83.9 (72.3-92.0)%; > or = 2 h: 54.9 (42.7-66.8)%). Sensitivity was poorest among Europeans aged > or = 65 years (40-64 years 69.0 (49.2-84.7)%, > or = 65 years 49.4 (38.2-60.6)%). Screening asymptomatic individuals using an isolated capillary random whole blood glucose measure is a poor test for diabetes, although slight improvement can be obtained among South Asians by testing within 2 h of a meal.
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PMID:Random blood glucose as a screening test for diabetes in a biethnic population. 770 18

New small, light-weight and fast-acting meters for measuring blood glucose have been developed recently. To determine their accuracy and precision we compared Accutrend, Companion 2, Glucometer 3 and One Touch II with the reference glucose oxidase method. For determination of accuracy 150 measurements were performed on two meters of each brand, together with measurement on the Beckman 2 Analyzer, which served as our reference. Capillary blood samples were obtained from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes attending our outpatient clinic. All measurements were performed by one experienced technician. Precision in series was determined by 15 measurements of venous EDTA samples. The coefficient of variance was used for statistical analysis. Accuracy was evaluated according to recommendations of the American Diabetes Association and clinically useful criteria such as the error grid analysis. We found that One Touch II performed best overall, followed by Accutrend. Companion 2 and Glucometer 3 showed higher deviations in both accuracy and precision, but nonetheless met the clinical criteria of accuracy and reliability measured by error grid analysis in 87% and 90.5% of measurements, respectively. In conclusion, all four blood glucose meters can safely be used, after proper training, by patients and medical staff for self-measurement of blood glucose.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of the blood glucose monitors Accutrend, Companion 2, Glucometer 3 and One Touch II in comparison with the glucose oxidase reference method]. 785 78

A total of 1,011 clinically asymptomatic adults older than 20 years of age, with a minimal fasting of one hour, were screened for diabetes mellitus. This group was selected from a community medical service. The presence of diabetes in first degree relatives (parents, brothers/sisters and children) was investigated by interrogation of the subjects. Weight, height, and the waist and hip perimeters were measured, and the body mass index and the waist/hip ratio were calculated. Obesity was present in 26% of the population and 35.6% had a relative with diabetes mellitus, but 53.8% were younger than 40 years. A capillary blood sample was taken and glucose was measured by a reflectometer glucometer. Individuals with blood glucose levels of 160 mg/dL or higher were appointed for a fasting venous blood sample and glucose was analyzed using the glucose oxidase method. If the glucose levels were > 140 mg/dL, a second fasting venous blood sample was taken 1-2 weeks later, if both results were > 140 mg/dL a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was established; otherwise it was considered non diagnostic for diabetes mellitus. A total of 17 were detected with > 160 mg/dL by the glucometer and 12/17 persons were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (1.2%). No person younger than 30 years was detected (n = 307), but 3/237 were detected in the thirty years group (1.26% for this group) and 9 persons were older than 40 years, 1.2% of the total group. Capillary glucose measurements may be used for screening of populations selecting those who require to be submitted to diagnostic tests.
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PMID:[Detection of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic adults]. 815 75

The implantable feedback-controlled insulin delivery system provides the greatest potential for the control of certain types of diabetes mellitus. The development of an implantable glucose sensor is thus a prerequisite. A glucose biosensor using the enzyme glucose oxidase immobilized on fine carbon powder has been developed. Its in-vitro behavior is investigated in the presence of interfering substances commonly encountered in human blood and other body fluids. Here, in-vitro interference tests carried out on this sensor with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes are described. The authors used PTFE membranes (pore size 0.02 micron), some of which were coated with positively and negatively charged hydrogel layers. The sensors showed a stable and linear response to glucose concentrations > 300 mg/dL, in the presence of glucose alone in the phosphate buffer medium and in the presence of interferences. The interference effects of ascorbic acid, bilirubin, creatinine, L-cystine, glycine, uric acid, and urea on the amperometric signal of the sensor were studied. The PTFE membrane coated with the negatively charged hydrogel layer provided good protection for the enzyme electrode, especially in the presence of ionic interferants such as ascorbic acid and uric acid.
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PMID:Application of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes to control interference effects in a glucose biosensor. 827 43

To assess the normal response to the 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal pregnant women, healthy Chinese and Malay women who had been referred to the antenatal clinic of the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kandang Kerbau Hospital, Singapore, were evaluated. The women were selected on the basis of having none of the generally accepted risk factors for diabetes mellitus: their age was 35 years, they weighed 80 kg, they did not have a personal history of diabetes or a family history of diabetes or a family history of diabetes in first degree relatives, nor did they have a history of babies weighing 4000 gm at birth, still-births, neonatal deaths, congenital malformations, or recurrent miscarriages. All OGTTs were performed after 28 weeks of gestation. The fasting blood sample was taken from the antecubital vein. Further samples were taken 1 and 2 hours after the glucose drink. A glucose analyzer using 5 mcl of plasma was employed. The analytical method was based on the glucose oxidase/peroxidase/aminophenazone process. There was no significant difference in mean glucose levels at corresponding points of the OGTT in Chinese and Malay women. correlation calculations confirmed the absence of any influence of gestational age after 28 weeks on glucose tolerance. Of the 64 women, 47 were Chinese and 17 Malays; 20 wee nulliparous, and 44 were parous. Their mean age was 27.2 years (range 18-35). The mean birthweight of the infants was 3140 gm (range 2094-4240 gm). There were 33 female and 31 male infants. The mean apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were 8.8 (range 7-9) and 9.0 (range 6-10). The mean values and the proposed upper limits of normality for the 75 gm OGTT were 3.9 and 4.9 mmol/1, respectively. 6 women had abnormal OGTT results according to the WHO criteria (fasting glucose 6 mmol/1; 2 hour glucose 8 mmol/1).
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PMID:Are the WHO (1980) criteria for the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test appropriate for pregnant women? 836 47

Gliclazide interferes with the glucose determination using the glucose oxidase/peroxidase (EC 1.1.3.4/1.11.1.7) (GOD-PERID) method utilizing 2,2-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as the oxygen acceptor chromogen. There was an essentially linear relationship between the concentrations of gliclazide and decreasing glucose readings. One mu mol/1 of gliclazide in samples leads to an apparent loss of about 2.5 mu mol/l of glucose. However, gliclazide did not interfere with the glucose determination using the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. This interference in the GOD-PERID method for glucose assay can occur in the in vitro experimental samples and cause underestimation of the glucose values. It is suggested that careful attention should be paid to the limited applicability of the GOD-PERID method for glucose assay.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995 Nov
PMID:Interference by gliclazide in the glucose oxidase/peroxidase method for glucose assay. 883 37


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