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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In diabetic rats transplanted with fetal pancreata we measured the activities of six important enzymes to assess the return of liver metabolism to normal. Comparison was made among the responses of transplanted rats with and without renal-portal vein shunts and of those not transplanted and injected with insulin in varying doses. Insulin supply was not limited since three or four fetal pancreata were first grown in normal rats before transfer into the diabetic animals. Transplantation normalized blood and urine glucose and the rate of disappearance of intravenous glucose. Glucokinase and pyruvate kinase activities in liver rose toward normal at 7 days after transplantation and reached normal levels at 30 and 90 days. The response of the other four enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citric lyase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, was more rapidly restored to normal at 7 days and remained normal at 30 and 90 days. No difference was observed in the enzyme activities of transplanted-shunted rats to nonshunted animals. Glucokinase activity was restored to normal after 1 wk of daily injections of 1 U of PZI; pyruvate kinase restoration required 3 U/day. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and citric lyase required 2 U/day to be restored to normal; 3 U daily resulted in temporary supernormal activities. The gluconeogenic enzymes, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were only partially suppressed toward normal by insulin even with 3 U daily for 3 wk. These findings indicate that pancreas transplantation is a more effective regulator of liver metabolism in diabetes than insulin injections.
Diabetes 1983 Aug
PMID:Normalization of six key hepatic enzymes after fetal pancreas transplantation in diabetic rats. 630 89

Rats were fed ad libitum diets containing a combination of commonly consumed highly palatable snack foods, a commercial stock diet, or had access to both diets for 10-11 weeks. Rats fed snack foods only had elevations in risk factors associated with heart disease and/or diabetes including serum cholesterol, insulin response to glucose, and serum glucose. Triglyceride levels were not affected by diet. Removable fat pad weights (perirenal and epididymal) were greater in rats fed snack foods than in rats fed only stock diet, even though total body weights were less. Liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was not affected by diet, but malic enzyme activity was greater in rats fed snack foods only than in the other two groups. These results indicate that some risk factors associated with heart disease and/or diabetes can be elevated by feeding a diet containing commonly consumed snack foods.
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PMID:Effects of a combination of common snack foods on some risk factors in heart disease and diabetes in rats. 635 Apr 3

The control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of the liver and brain were studied in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Fasting decreased G6PD activity in brains and livers of normal rats significantly, but these decreases were reversed by placing the rats on a sucrose-rich diet. Injection of insulin were reversed by placing the rats on the sucrose-rich diet. Injection of insulin into normal 48h fasted rats had no significant effect on G6PD activity after 15 min. However, epinephrine significantly decreased liver G6PD activity by 17%, 7.5 min, after injection. Epinephrine had no effect on brain G6PD activity. In fed alloxan diabetic animals, the G6PD activity was found to be about 50% of that found in normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with protamine insulin partially reversed the decrease in G6PD activity caused by alloxan diabetes. It is concluded that insulin and epinephrine are important for the regulation of G6PD activity in vivo.
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PMID:The effects of alloxan diabetes, insulin and epinephrine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and brain. 702 49

A study of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects was performed to evaluate the possible association of diabetes mellitus with cataract formation. Parameters investigated included cataract incidence and type model of diabetic therapy, degree of diabetic control, duration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity. Diabetes mellitus was found to be correlated with posterior subcapsular cataract formation, as was duration of diabetic disease. Race, degree of metabolic control, and age of onset of disease did not appear to be correlated with cataract formation. Oral hypoglycemic agent therapy was significantly associated with posterior subcapsular cataract formation. The African variant of G-6-PD deficiency appeared to protect against cataract formation in diabetic patients. The most important overall factor in cataractogenesis proved to be age. Posterior subcapsular cataracts were associated with corticosteroid therapy, presence of diabetes mellitus, and oral hypoglycemic agent therapy.
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PMID:The effect of diabetes mellitus and diabetic therapy on cataract formation. 723 95

Many studies have shown that the contractile response of the rat left ventricle is impaired in diabetes mellitus. Few studies have examined the acute in vivo effects of catecholamines on the right ventricle of diabetic rats. The present study investigates the acute in vivo effects of norepinephrine (100 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 continuous intravenous infusion for 15 minutes) on the function of the right and left ventricle of diabetic rats. The effects of isoproterenol (25 mg.kg-1, subcutaneously) on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the first and rate limiting enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and on adenine nucleotide biosynthesis of the diabetic heart were also examined. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg.kg-1) 4 weeks before measurements. The hemodynamic measurements were made on intact, anesthetized rats with Millard ultraminiature pressure tip catheters. The basal hemodynamic measurements (left ventricular systolic pressure, diastolic aortic pressure, left ventricular dP/dtmax, right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular dP/dtmax) as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and adenine nucleotide biosynthesis were the same in the diabetic animals as in the controls. Heart rate was slower in the diabetics. Norepinephrine, after 15 minutes of intravenous infusion, induced a marked increase in heart rate, left ventricular dP/dtmax, right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular dP/dtmax; whereas left ventricular systolic pressure and diastolic aortic pressure remained unchanged. Isoproterenol caused a pronounced stimulation of both cardiac glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (after 24 hours) and adenine nucleotide biosynthesis (after 5 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The functional and metabolic responses of the heart to catecholamines are attenuated in diabetic rats. 757 10

Male weanling rats were fed diets containing either adequate (6.2 mg/kg) or deficient (0.82 mg/kg) quantities of copper for 35 days. Six rats from each group (n = 12) were then injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Rats were killed after a further 16 days and tissues removed for the analysis of the copper level and antioxidant enzyme activities. Diabetes resulted in increased cardiac catalase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase activities. Renal catalase levels were decreased in diabetes, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G6PDH) was increased. Diabetes significantly decreased the activities of hepatic GST and G6PDH. The combination of diabetes and copper deficiency resulted in increased levels of hepatic GST, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Hepatic and renal tissue copper levels were also increased in diabetes, apparently improving copper status in the copper-deficient rats. Alterations of antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetes were suggestive of increased oxidant stress, especially in cardiac tissue.
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PMID:Effects of copper deficiency and experimental diabetes on tissue antioxidant enzyme levels in rats. 771 Feb 61

This study reports the effects of alloxan induced diabetes on glucose metabolism enzymes viz. Hexokinase, Lactate dehydrogenase, and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from discrete brain regions. Enzymes activity was assayed from hypothalamic areas such as medial preoptic area and median eminence-arcuate region which have gonadotropin releasing hormone cell bodies and their terminals, respectively and other brain regions like septum, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. In all the areas studied, induction of diabetes resulted in a significant decrease in particulate bound HK activity, whereas soluble HK, LDH and G6PDH activity showed increase at 3, 8, 15 and 28 days intervals. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats led to recovery in enzyme activity. Blood glucose levels increased significantly after induction of diabetes and recovery was seen after insulin treatment. The present results suggest that altered cerebral glucose metabolism may also be responsible for reproductive failure observed in diabetic rats.
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PMID:Changes in glucose metabolism from discrete regions of rat brain and its relationship to reproductive failure during experimental diabetes. 789 76

The effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, as well as the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) were examined in rat lymphoid organs (mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), thymus and spleen) and, for comparison, red and white muscle fibres. The capacity for generation of reduced equivalents was also evaluated by measuring the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose-phosphate pathway-cytosol) and citrate synthase (Krebs cycle-mitochondria). Diabetes raised the capacity for the generation of reducing equivalents in the lymphoid organs: in the mitochondria of the thymus and spleen and in the cytosol of the mesenteric lymph nodes and thymus. In muscles, diabetes reduced CuZn-SOD activity in soleus and raised the activity in gastrocnemius, and depressed the activities of catalase in soleus and of glutathione peroxidase in both soleus and gastrocnemius. In relation to the lymphoid organs, the spleen showed a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities (except for glutathione peroxidase), whereas the thymus showed an increased level (except for Mn-SOD), and the MLN presented a reduction in Mn-SOD and catalase activities and an increase in GPX activity caused by diabetes. The content of TBARs in the tissues followed the changes in GPX activity inversely: i.e. a decrease in the lymphoid organs (except in the spleen) and an increase in the muscles of diabetic rats compared with the control group. All these changes found in diabetic rats were reversed by insulin treatment and were not modified by the normalization of glycaemia.
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs of diabetic rats. 796 75

A trial has been performed of a new sweetening agent saccharol, glycosides complex, on energy metabolism in rats with experimental alloxan diabetes. Elevated glucose level observed in rats with insulin insufficiency was associated with hexokinase activity inhibition and changes in the activity of the enzymes involved in glucose-6-phosphate transformation: enhanced activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase against inhibition of phosphoglucomutase activity. Introduction of saccharose aggravated the above shifts in the rat liver, whereas saccharol possesses a protective action on hexokinase hepatic reaction and enzymes of glucose-6-phosphate conversion, reduced blood glucose. Positive changes induced by saccharol on energy metabolism in animals with insulin insufficiency can be attributed to the effect of saccharol glycosides.
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PMID:[Effect of saccharol glycosides on energy metabolism in animals with abnormal carbohydrate tolerance]. 797 8

Diabetic subjects present high susceptibility to infections but the mechanisms involved are not fully known. Macrophages and lymphocytes utilize glucose and glutamine at high rates and these metabolites are important for the function of these cells. The present study examines the activities of key metabolic enzymes in macrophages and lymphocytes obtained from alloxan-diabetic Wistar rats (10 weeks old, 7 rats each group). Since the enteral diet was enriched with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the effect of these fatty acids was also investigated in the same animals. Diabetes caused a marked decrease of hexokinase activity (48%; 274.23 +/- 18.43 vs 143.29 +/- 10.35 units for control vs diabetic rats) in macrophages and of citrate synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities (70%; 321.76 +/- 9.18 vs 96.25 +/- 5.43 units for citrate synthase and 89.43 +/- 2.33 vs 23.13 +/- 1.09 units for G6PDh for control vs diabetic rats) in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. A PUFA-rich diet given for 6 weeks enhanced hexokinase activities by 30% (274.23 +/- 18.43 vs 342.48 +/- 15.39, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets for normal and 143.29 +/- 10.35 vs 189.67 +/- 9.57 for diabetic rats) and reduced citrate synthase activities by 43% (30.31 +/- 1.73 vs 17.42 +/- 0.95, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets for normal and 29.34 +/- 1.23 vs 16.73 +/- 1.02 for diabetic rats) in macrophages, and reduced (< 50%; 59.67 +/- 3.45 vs 48.87 +/- 3.37 for hexokinase and 321.76 +/- 2.33 vs 161.66 +/- 9.97 for citrate synthase, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets) the activities of both enzymes in lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet on macrophage and lymphocyte metabolism of diabetic rats. 829 16


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