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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally to rats induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone, while it tended to increase plasma glucose and to decrease plasma immunoreactive insulin. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of ginseng saponin increased plasma corticosterone in unanesthetized, pentobarbital-anesthetized or alloxan-diabetes rats. The histamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine, whereas the ginseng-induced rise was not. Ginseng saponin decreased rectal temperature while it increased plasma corticosterone. Ginseng-induced corticosterone secretion was superimposed on the basal levels of plasma corticosterone due to fasting and circadian rhythm. Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.
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PMID:Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion. 39 51

The effects of blended Chinese traditional medicines applied for diabetes mellitus were studied on the pattern of action to the glucose tolerance curves in genetically diabetic KK-CAy mice. The glucose tolerance curves of KK-CAy mice (humping curve) were analyzed pharmacokinetically by the mathematical model (COmpartment-H model). The curves could be classified into several types of pattern through the analysis for the humping effect. Daisaikoto-Ka-Jio and Byakko-Ka-Ninjinto reduced the humping effect, whereas Hachimigan had a tendency to enhance it. On the combined effect of crude drugs prescribed in the blended medicines, the effect of Daisaikoto was lessened by subtracting Rehmanniae Rhizoma from Daisaikoto-Ka-Jio and Byakkoto (subtracted Ginseng Radix from Byakko-Ka-Ninjinto) had no inhibitory effect on the humping. Rehmanniae Rhizoma or Ginseng Radix along had the similar effect on decreasing the humping. the hypoglycemic component of Ginseng Radix (DPG3-2) decreased the humping effect in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the effects of crude drugs and the active component of the crude drug supported those of the blended medicines on the humping effect by utilizing the pharmacolinetical analysis.
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PMID:The pattern of action of blended Chinese traditional medicines to glucose tolerance curves in genetically diabetic KK-CAy mice. 734 46

We report a case presenting with a remarkable increase in blood 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) upon taking a Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine, Ninjin-Youei-To. The HPLC-analysis of the drug taken by the present case revealed 8.8 mg/g of AG in this Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine. A similar increase in blood AG(maximum increase: 1.49 micrograms/mL/day) was observed when healthy normal volunteer's took Ninjin-Youei-To alone. Drug withdrawal led to a decrease in blood AG. No great change in diabetes-related items measured at the same time was noted, and glycosuria was always negative. These results led us to consider that the change in blood AG is not diabetic, but Ninjin-Youei-To-mediated. Ninjin-Youei-To is composed of 12 kinds of crude drugs, including Ginseng radix and Polygalae radix, and we made a search of the literature concerning these crude drugs. Polygalae radix, a component of Ninjin-Youei-To, was confirmed to contain AG. Where a change in blood AG does not accord with clinical symptoms and other laboratory findings, some influence or other of Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine should be taken into account as a pre-analytical phase error.
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PMID:[False-positive increase in 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol due to Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine]. 884 25

Herbal medicinals are being used by an increasing number of patients who typically do not advise their clinicians of concomitant use. Known or potential drug-herb interactions exist and should be screened for. If used beyond 8 weeks, Echinacea could cause hepatotoxicity and therefore should not be used with other known hepatoxic drugs, such as anabolic steroids, amiodarone, methotrexate, and ketoconazole. However, Echinacea lacks the 1,2 saturated necrine ring associated with hepatoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may negate the usefulness of feverfew in the treatment of migraine headaches. Feverfew, garlic, Ginkgo, ginger, and ginseng may alter bleeding time and should not be used concomitantly with warfarin sodium. Additionally, ginseng may cause headache, tremulousness, and manic episodes in patients treated with phenelzine sulfate. Ginseng should also not be used with estrogens or corticosteroids because of possible additive effects. Since the mechanism of action of St John wort is uncertain, concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is ill advised. Valerian should not be used concomitantly with barbiturates because excessive sedation may occur. Kyushin, licorice, plantain, uzara root, hawthorn, and ginseng may interfere with either digoxin pharmacodynamically or with digoxin monitoring. Evening primrose oil and borage should not be used with anticonvulsants because they may lower the seizure threshold. Shankapulshpi, an Ayurvedic preparation, may decrease phenytoin levels as well as diminish drug efficacy. Kava when used with alprazolam has resulted in coma. Immunostimulants (eg, Echinacea and zinc) should not be given with immunosuppressants (eg, corticosteroids and cyclosporine). Tannic acids present in some herbs (eg, St John wort and saw palmetto) may inhibit the absorption of iron. Kelp as a source of iodine may interfere with thyroid replacement therapies. Licorice can offset the pharmacological effect of spironolactone. Numerous herbs (eg, karela and ginseng) may affect blood glucose levels and should not be used in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. 1049 30

In the present study, the effect of Ginseng radix on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was investigated via immunohistochemistry. Aqueous extract of Ginseng radix was shown to exert no significant effect on weight in normal rats, while it prevented weight loss in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats was increased by Ginseng radix treatment, but it had no effect on cell proliferation in normal rats. These results suggest that Ginseng radix may help in improve the central nervous system complications of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Ginseng radix increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 1249 38

Diabetes complications, especially late (chronic) ones, are the main reasons of invalidity and early mortality. The most threatening diabetes complications are vascular and metabolic complications (diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy, cataract, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy). Good diabetes control is very important, because in early stages these changes are reversible. In order to decrease the number of diabetes complications and to postpone their development, the use of biologic active components and plants is recommended. The most important biologic active substances for this purpose are vitamins and minerals, proteins, polysaccharides, lectins, saponins and flavonoids. According the scientific data, the mostly used plants are: Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, Vaccinium myrtillus, Phaseolus vulgaris. Some of them are proposed for treatment of symptoms related to venous and lymphatic vessel insufficiency, for the prophylaxis and treatment of liver damage caused by metabolic toxins, in chronic degenerative liver conditions, for the therapy of digestive disorders, to increase in the unspecific way the resistance of the organism to various environmental influences, and to stabilize membranes through antioxidant and radical scavenging actions.
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PMID:[Importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus]. 1253 4

Aqueous extracts of Ginseng radix have traditionally been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In the present study, the effect of Ginseng radix on c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via immunohistochemistry. Decreased c-Fos expression in the CA regions of the hippocampus was observed in STZ-induced diabetes, and administration of Ginseng radix enhanced the STZ-induced inhibition of c-Fos expression both dose- and duration-dependently. These results suggest that hyperglycemia-induced suppression of Fos expression may trigger the diabetes-induced disruption of hippocampal information processing and that Ginseng radix may alleviate this diabetes-induced disturbance in hippocampal functions.
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PMID:Effect of ginseng radix on c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1268 59

Previous studies demonstrated that both ginseng root and ginseng berry possess anti-diabetic activity. However, a direct comparison between the root and the berry under the same experimental conditions has not been conducted. In the present study, we compared anti-hyperglycemic effect between Panax ginseng root and Panax ginseng berry in ob/ob mice, which exhibit profound obesity and hyperglycemia that phenotypically resemble human type-2 diabetes. We observed that ob/ob mice had high baseline glucose levels (195 mg/dl). Ginseng root extract (150 mg/kg body wt.) and ginseng berry extract (150 mg/kg body wt.) significantly decreased fasting blood glucose to 143 +/- 9.3 mg/dl and 150 +/- 9.5 mg/dl on day 5, respectively (both P < 0.01 compared with the vehicle). On day 12, although fasting blood glucose level did not continue to decrease in the root group (155 +/- 12.7 mg/dl), the berry group became normoglycemic (129 +/- 7.3 mg/dl; P < 0.01). We further evaluated glucose tolerance using the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. On day 0, basal hyperglycemia was exacerbated by intraperitoneal glucose load, and failed to return to baseline after 120 min. After 12 days of treatment with ginseng root extract (150 mg/kg body wt.), the area under the curve (AUC) showed some decrease (9.6%). However, after 12 days of treatment with ginseng berry extract (150 mg/kg body wt.), overall glucose exposure improved significantly, and the AUC decreased 31.0% (P < 0.01). In addition, we observed that body weight did not change significantly after ginseng root extract (150 mg/kg body wt.) treatment, but the same concentration of ginseng berry extract significantly decreased body weight (P < 0.01). These data suggest that, compared to ginseng root, ginseng berry exhibits more potent anti-hyperglycemic activity, and only ginseng berry shows marked anti-obesity effects in ob/ob mice.
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PMID:Anti-hyperglycemic effects of ginseng: comparison between root and berry. 1367 50

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Alternation of NOS expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous secondary complications of diabetes. Aqueous extract of Ginseng radix has traditionally been used for the various disorders including diabetes. In this study, the effect of Ginseng radix on the NOS expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Enhanced NOS expression was detected in the hippocampus of diabetic rats and administration of Ginseng radix suppressed NOS expression. Ginseng radix may aid the treatment of central nervous system complications in diabetes.
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PMID:Administration of Ginseng radix decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1548 40

Ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant used in traditional Oriental medicine. In recent decades, ginseng root has gained popularity as a dietary supplement in the United States. Ginseng has also been commonly used in Oriental medicine to treat diabetes-like conditions. The present review discusses the research on the anti-diabetic effects of ginseng and the possible mechanisms of its anti-diabetic actions.
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PMID:Ginseng and diabetes. 1604 57


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