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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diagnostic tools for early identification of subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related disorders are important in prevention of these diseases. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) have been suggested to serve as a prediagnostic marker of diabetes and obesity-related disorders. In the current study, we developed a sensitive and reproducible micro method for quantification of NEFA in less than 10 microl whole blood. The method involves only two steps: (i) conversion of NEFA to fatty acid acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) esters using an acyl-CoA synthetase and (ii) quantification of the formed acyl-CoA esters with a fluorescent biosensor based on bovine acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). Lys50 of ACBP was mutagenized to a cysteine residue that was covalently modified with 6-bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene to make a fluorescent acyl-CoA indicator (FACI-50). FACI-50 exhibits high fluorescence emission yield with maximum at 490 nm in the presence of CoA when excited at 387 nm. The addition of palmitoyl-CoA to a CoA-saturated FACI-50 lowered fluorescence emission by eightfold. Ethanol extract from 1 microl whole blood was incubated with ATP, CoA, and FACI-50. Following background fluorescence reading, NEFAs were converted to acyl-CoA by the acyl-CoA synthetase and the NEFA content was calculated from fluorescence emission changes using palmitic acid as external standard. The FACI-50 NEFA method was compared with two commercially available methods for quantification of NEFA.
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PMID:Micro method for determination of nonesterified fatty acid in whole blood obtained by fingertip puncture. 1681 38

Incidence of type II diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide. In order to identify complementary or alternative approaches to existing medications, we studied anti-diabetic properties of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., a natural health product recommended for diabetes treatment in Canada. Ethanol extracts of root, stem, leaf, and fruit were tested at 12.5 microg/ml for anti-diabetic activity in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cells using a variety of cell-based bioassays. Specifically, we assessed: (1) deoxyglucose uptake in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes; (2) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in beta TC-tet pancreatic beta cells; (3) beta cell proliferation in beta TC-tet cells; (4) lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells; (5) protection against glucose toxicity in PC12 cells. Root, stem, and leaf extracts significantly enhanced glucose transport in C2C12 cells by 15-25% in presence and absence of insulin after 20 h of incubation; no enhancement resulted from a 1 h exposure. In 3T3 cells, only the root and stem extracts enhanced uptake, and this effect was greater after 1 h than after 20 h; uptake was increased by up to 75% in absence of insulin. GSIS was potentiated by a small amount in growth-arrested beta TC-tet cells incubated overnight with leaf or stem extract. However, fruit extracts were found to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation in replicating beta TC-tet cells by 2.8-fold. Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was accelerated by root, stem, and leaf extracts by as much as 6.5-fold by the end of a 6-day period. Stem, leaf, and fruit extracts reduced apoptosis by 20-33% in PC12 cells exposed to elevated glucose for 96 h. These results demonstrate that V. angustifolium contains active principles with insulin-like and glitazone-like properties, while conferring protection against glucose toxicity. Enhancement of proliferation in beta cells may represent another potential anti-diabetic property. Extracts of the Canadian blueberry thus show promise for use as a complementary anti-diabetic therapy.
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PMID:Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. 1697 28

Nicotine is one of many substances that may be acquired through active and passive smoking of tobacco. In man, nicotine is commonly consumed via smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes. The addictive liability and pharmacological effects of smoking are primarily mediated by the major tobacco alkaloid nicotine. High stress jobs favour repeated smoking and further reinforce addictive behaviours. There are elevated serum cadmium and lead levels in smokers resulting in glomerular dysfunction. Nephropathies are accelerated by nicotine with an increased incidence of microalbuminuria progressing to proteinuria, followed by type-1 diabetes mellitus induced renal failure. Cigarette smoke-induced renal damage is due, at least in part, to activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in an elevation in blood pressure. Ethanol, nicotine, or concurrent intake significantly increases lipid peroxidation in liver, and decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased catalase activity in the kidney. This review describes the effects of nicotine, smoking, smoke extracts and other tobacco constituents on renal and cardiovascular functions, and associated effects on the nervous system. Both active and passive smoking is toxic to renal function.
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PMID:Effect of tobacco smoking on renal function. 1708 29

Asparagus racemosus root has previously been reported to reduce blood glucose in rats and rabbits. In the present study, the effects of the ethanol extract and five partition fractions of the root of A. racemosus were evaluated on insulin secretion together with exploration of their mechanisms of action. The ethanol extract and each of the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate partition fractions concentration-dependently stimulated insulin secretion in isolated perfused rat pancreas, isolated rat islet cells and clonal beta-cells. The stimulatory effects of the ethanol extract, hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate partition fractions were potentiated by glucose, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine IBMX, tolbutamide and depolarizing concentration of KCl. Inhibition of A. racemosus-induced insulin release was observed with diazoxide and verapamil. Ethanol extract and five fractions increased intracellular Ca(2+), consistent with the observed abolition of insulin secretory effects under Ca(2+) -free conditions. These findings reveal that constituents of A. racemosus root extracts have wide-ranging stimulatory effects on physiological insulinotropic pathways. Future work assessing the use of this plant as a source of active components may provide new opportunities for diabetes therapy.
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PMID:Insulin secretory actions of extracts of Asparagus racemosus root in perfused pancreas, isolated islets and clonal pancreatic beta-cells. 1721 Jul 53

We analyzed the association between beer and other type of ethanol consumption and tHcy levels among type 2 diabetic patients. Male type 2 diabetic patients without overt nephropathy were studied (n=242). Ethanol consumptions of the patients were 35.1+/-37.8mL/day for total ethanol, 13.9+/-15.2mL/day for beer ethanol and 21.2+/-32.1mL/day for non-beer ethanol. Both, total and non-beer ethanol consumption correlated with tHcy, whereas beer ethanol consumption showed a trend to inverse association with tHcy (standard regression coefficient, 0.184, 0.283 and -0.110, respectively). Each intake of 30mL/day ethanol consumption was associated with an increase of tHcy of 0.6micromol/L for total ethanol and 1.1micromol/L for non-beer ethanol and a decrease of tHcy of 0.7micromol/L for beer ethanol. Similar trend was observed in the analysis model which included only drinkers, and also in an adjusted analysis model. Plasma tHcy of beer only drinkers was lower than that of non-beer alcohol only drinkers (8.9+/-1.9micromol/L versus 11.5+/-5.5micromol/L, P=0.003). Non-beer ethanol consumption might be less healthy compared with beer ethanol consumption among type 2 diabetic patients in terms of the effects on tHcy.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007 Nov
PMID:Beer ethanol consumption and plasma homocysteine among patients with type 2 diabetes. 1752 71

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Gymnema montanum on red blood cell (RBC) membrane in diabetic rats during lipid peroxidation. Ethanol extract of G. montanum leaves (GLEt) was administered orally to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 3 weeks, and the effects on blood glucose, insulin, lipid peroxidation markers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides in plasma and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes were studied. Administration of GLEt to diabetic animals at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight lowered elevated blood glucose levels by 24, 35, and 66%, respectively, relative to untreated diabetic rats. In comparison, treatment with the known antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (600 microg/kg body weight) decreased blood glucose concentrations by 51%. Plasma insulin concentrations were increased in the diabetic rat by 73% with GLEt (200 mg/kg body weight) and 45% with glibenclamide (600 microg/kg body weight). Although a significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation markers was observed in plasma on treatment with GLEt and glibenclamide, the RBC antioxidant levels were increased significantly in diabetic rats. Furthermore, erythrocytes from the GLEt-treated animals were found to be more resistant to H2O2-induced peroxidation than that of untreated diabetic animals. The chemical characterization of the polyphenolics of the extract showed the presence of gallic acid (5.29% w/w), resveratrol (2.2% w/w), and quercetin (16.6% w/w). The results of this study suggest that G. montanum may be useful for the control, management, and prevention of oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
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PMID:Effect of Gymnema montanum leaves on red blood cell resistance to oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. 1787 32

Ethanol (OH) has been reported to blunt counterregulation and increase insulin sensitivity, thereby causing greater hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine if fore- or hindbrain sensing of OH differentially affects autonomic and metabolic counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Forty-one Sprague-Dawley rats received 5% OH or isotonic sodium chloride solution (or normal saline; SAL) infused peripherally or into the lateral (forebrain) or fourth cerebral ventricles (hindbrain) from time 0 to 120 minutes. From time 120 to 240 minutes, rats were exposed to a hyperinsulinemic (5 mU/[kg min]) hypoglycemic (2.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) clamp. The 4 groups of rats studied were as follows: SAL (n = 8), peripheral alcohol (POH) (n = 10), lateral ventricle alcohol (LVOH) (n = 12), and left ventricle alcohol (4VOH) (n = 11). After OH, basal levels of norepinephrine were lower in the POH and 4VOH groups (P < .05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to hypoglycemia were significantly lower in POH, 4VOH, and LVOH vs SAL. However, the magnitude of blunting was significantly greater in POH and 4VOH vs LVOH. Other counterregulatory hormones and glucose kinetics were not significantly different among all groups during hypoglycemia. In summary, peripheral and central nervous system OH infusion blunted autonomic nervous system counterregulatory (epinephrine, norepinephrine) responses to subsequent hypoglycemia. The greater impact of 4VOH compared with LVOH administration suggests that OH exerts its effects to blunt autonomic nervous system counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia primarily by actions on the hindbrain.
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PMID:Forebrain and hindbrain effects of ethanol on counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in conscious rats. 1799 12

Western lifestyle plays an important role in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes by causing insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, a prerequisite for the development of diabetes. High fat diet and alcohol are major components of the western diet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ethanol and fatty acids on beta-cell survival and metabolism. We treated the rat beta-cell line RINm5F with ethanol, a mixture of palmitic and oleic acids, or both. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by (5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) (CM-H2DCFDA) fluorescence assay, and mitochondrial activity was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and by determining ATP production. Cell viability was assessed with a cell counter and trypan blue exclusion, and the mode of cell death by Hoechst33342 and propidium iodide staining. With both ethanol and fatty acid treatments, MTT reduction and ATP production decreased, whereas ROS production increased. Ethanol treatment had no effect on cell number, whereas fatty acid treatment reduced the cell number. Cell incubation with ethanol, fatty acids, or both increased the number of Hoechst 33342-positive nuclei. However, the majority of nuclei from fatty acid-treated cells were stained with propidium iodide, indicating a loss of plasma membrane integrity. We conclude that both ethanol and fatty acids generate cellular oxidative stress, and affect mitochondrial function in RINm5F beta-cells. However, ethanol causes beta-cell death by apoptosis, whereas fatty acids cause cell death predominantly by necrosis. It is not known whether these results are applicable to human beta-cells.
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PMID:Effects of ethanol on pancreatic beta-cell death: interaction with glucose and fatty acids. 1833 Jul 13

Despite the high levels of polyphenolic phytochemicals in grain sorghum and its position as a major food staple, there has been a lack of research on its effects on both animal and human health and disease prevention. These phenolic compounds, mainly located in the bran fraction, result in the plant having substantial antioxidant properties. This study examined the effect of ethanol extracts of several varieties of sorghum (S. bicolor) bran on albumin glycation, a non-enzymatic process thought to be important in the pathogenesis of many diabetic complications. Sorghum brans with a high phenolic content and high antioxidant properties inhibited protein glycation, whereas sorghum brans that are low in these properties did not inhibit this process. Ethanol extracts of wheat, rice or oat bran did not inhibit protein glycation. Although one high phenolic sorghum bran variety (sumac) inhibited protein glycation by approximately 60%, it produced only a 20% decrease in methylglyoxal mediated albumin glycation. These results suggest that certain varieties of sorghum bran may affect critical biological processes that are important in diabetes and insulin resistance. These results distinguish select sorghum brans from the common food brans and suggest a nutraceutical rationale for its human consumption.
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PMID:A novel nutraceutical property of select sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) brans: inhibition of protein glycation. 1857 Feb 76

Most world populations consume alcoholic beverages. Ethanol may have both protective and harmful effects on health depending on the amount and way of consumption. An extensive body of data shows concordant J or U-shaped associations between alcohol intake and a variety of adverse health outcomes, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, stroke, and all-cause mortality. In particular, moderate ethanol consumption is associated with cardioprotective benefits such as lower cardiovascular risk and mortality, probably mediated by beneficial effects on inflammation, lipids, and coagulation. In contrast, binge and/or heavy drinking results in proportional worsening of outcomes, increasing cardiovascular events and mortality. This harmful effect has been recently associated with the blockade of ischemic preconditioning mediated by high doses of ethanol. In this review, we highlight the recent epidemiological and experimental evidences regarding the specific benefits and risks of ethanol in the setting of ischemic heart disease.
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PMID:[Association between ethanol intake and ischemic heart disease]. 1920 41


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