Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ipilimumab is besides the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib the first officially approved medical treatment for metastatic melanoma, which results in improved survival. Ipilimumab leads to a release of a CTLA4-mediated inhibition of T-cell immunoreactions. Therefore, patients may also suffer from immune-related adverse events affecting different organs, which are typically treated by high-dose corticosteroids. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (iH) has been reported in up to 17% of melanoma patients in clinical trials.Here we present 5 patients with metastatic melanoma and 2 patients with prostate cancer who developed hypophysitis after ipilimumab therapy. Patients were treated by high-dose corticosteroid therapy resulting in the resolution of local inflammation but not of pituitary deficiencies. Partial or complete hypopituitarism remained in all patients. Pharmacotherapy with high-dose corticosteroids caused complications in 5 patients, necessitating hospitalization in 4. 2 of the 3 patients with progressive disease died, while 3 patients had stable disease and 1 patient showed tumor regression after discontinuation of ipilimumab.In summary, with regard to safety and simplicity of hormonal substitution therapy we have to scrutinize high-dose corticosteroid therapy, though it only improves inflammation but not neuro-endocrine function and may cause further morbidity. Regression of the tumor depends on the ipilimumab-mediated immune events, in which high-dose and long-term corticosteroid therapy for iH appears to be counter-intuitive. Herein, we discuss screening and the diagnostic as well as therapeutic management of iH in metastatic cancer patients from an endocrinologic perspective.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013 Nov
PMID:Hypophysitis caused by ipilimumab in cancer patients: hormone replacement or immunosuppressive therapy. 2412 41

Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against CTLA4 T-lymphocyte antigen used as cancer therapy. Immune-related adverse events are common side effects and may include hypophysitis-related hypopituitarism. The clinical features of six patients with ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (IH) are described. The clinical features of IH reported in clinical trials, including the incidence of IH by gender and the likelihood of adrenal axis recovery, are summarized. Following the development of IH, most patients remain on glucocorticoid replacement despite efforts to withdraw therapy. Analysis of gender information in published clinical trials suggests that men are more prone to developing IH than women, and few patients fully recover the pituitary-adrenal axis function. Ipilimumab and other drugs within its class are likely to be used to treat many forms of cancer. Endocrinologists should anticipate a significant increase in the incidence of autoimmune hypophysitis. Strategies for early detection of IH and long-term management should be considered.
Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2015
PMID:Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy associated hypophysitis. 2586 Dec 34

Monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1) have become the mainstay for advanced malignancies. The incidence of endocrine adverse events provoked by these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is based on data from randomized controlled trials, which have their drawbacks. PubMed was searched through August 22nd, 2017, by 2 reviewers independently (J.d.F. and C.E.A.). Early phase I/II, phase III experimental trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies were included. The weighted incidence and risk ratio were estimated for hypophysitis, primary thyroid disease, primary adrenal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus. Their management is discussed in a systematic review. A total of 101 studies involving 19 922 patients were included. Ipilimumab-treated patients experienced hypophysitis in 5.6% (95% CI, 3.9-8.1), which was higher than nivolumab (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.2-1.2) and pembrolizumab (1.1%; 95% CI, 0.5-2.6). PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors had a higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction - particularly hypothyroidism (nivolumab, 8.0%; 95% CI, 6.4-9.8; pembrolizumab, 8.5%; 95% CI, 7.5-9.7; PD-L1, 5.5%; 95% CI, 4.4-6.8; ipilimumab, 3.8%; 95% CI, 2.6-5.5). Combination therapy was associated with a high incidence of hypothyroidism (10.2-16.4%), hyperthyroidism (9.4-10.4%), hypophysitis (8.8-10.5%), and primary adrenal insufficiency (5.2-7.6%). Diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency were less frequent findings on monotherapy. Our meta-analysis shows a high incidence of endocrine adverse events provoked by single agent checkpoint blockade, further reinforced by combined treatment.
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PMID:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endocrine-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. 3086 60